Performance de Azolla caroliniana Willd. e Salvinia auriculata Aubl. em efluente de piscicultura

The increasing release of untreated fish farming effluents into water courses that flow to the Pantanal wetlands in Mato Grosso (Brazil) may drive this ecosystem to eutrophication. Therefore, the growth of Azolla caroliniana Willd. and Salvinia auriculata Aubl. in fish farming effluent and their effect on its quality were evaluated for 48 days in a greenhouse. The results were compared to those obtained in a nutrient rich solution (Hoagland 1/2 medium). Azolla caroliniana showed lower relative growth rate in fish farming effluent (0.020 d-1) than in Hoagland 1/2 medium (0.029 d-1). However, S. auriculata grew slightly better in fish farming effluent (0.030 d-1) than in Hoagland 1/2 medium (0.025 d-1). The species apparently contributed to reduce nitrate and phosphate concentration in Hoagland 1/2 medium. However, in fish farming effluent, only electrical conductivity and pH were reduced by plants compared to the control without plants. Thus, A. caroliniana and S. auriculata show low potential for improving effluent quality

Protecting forests at the expense of native grasslands: Land-use policy encourages open-habitat loss in the Brazilian cerrado biome

The agricultural conversion of natural habitats is one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss worldwide. In the ∼2 million km2 Brazilian cerrado biome, a global biodiversity hotspot, vast areas have been converted into croplands and cattle pastures. Because the cerrado biome is overwhelmingly contained within private lands, Brazil's environmental legislation should serve as a decisive instrument in protecting these natural ecosystems. We assessed the role of Legal Reserves (LRs), legally defined as the minimum proportion of private landholdings set aside to protect natural vegetation, in the conservation of the cerrado biome. We assume that the property-scale allocation of LRs is primarily based on economic decision-making, creating a bias against cerrado protection. We therefore assessed the area ratio between forest vegetation (FV) and grassland vegetation (GV) areas across LRs within 48,762 landholdings, 9 formal protected areas (PAs) and 34 Indigenous Lands (ILs) within the cerrado (sensu lato) of the 903,357-km2 state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. We show that there are 7.26 ha of forest lands for each hectare of native grasslands within private RLs of the cerrado biome within Mato Grosso, a ratio almost three-fold larger than that found in formal PAs and ILs. ILs protect in absolute values (hectares) six-fold more native grassland vegetation than PAs. We discuss the policy relevance of this severe land-use bias in maintaining the heterogeneity of cerrado habitats for biodiversity conservation within private properties, which account for 90% of the entire cerrado biome

Efeito do Uso do Solo Sobre Riachos de Cabeceira na Bacia do Rio Cuiabá, Mato Grosso

The headwaters streams are influenced by the terrestrial environment,which makes them vulnerable to human activities, especially in cerradoareas with intense changes caused by land use. The aim of this studywas to evaluate the effect of land use attributes on headwater streamsin the Rio Cuiabá basin, Mato Grosso. The 26 sampled streams werecharacterized from satellite images and measurements in situ. The attributesmeasured were type of land use in the watershed, dissolved oxygen,pH, temperature, turbidity, riparian width, average width, averagedepth, velocity and substrate type on the channel streams. The turbidityaffected negatively dissolved oxygen in headwater streams, as well asthe channel width positively affected water temperature and the riparianwidth positively affected leaves. Therefore, land use affected directlyand indirectly attributes of headwater streams in Cerrado.Os riachos de cabeceira são influenciados pelo ambiente terrestre, o que os tornam vulneráveis as atividades antrópicas, principalmente em áreas de cerrado com intensa modificação causada pelo uso do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso do solo sobre atributos de riachos de cabeceira na bacia do Rio Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Os 26 riachos amostrados foram caracterizados a partir de imagens de satélite e medidas in loco. Os atributos medidos foram tipo de uso de solo na microbacia, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, temperatura, turbidez, largura da mata ciliar, largura média, profundidade média, velocidade média e tipo de substrato no canal dos riachos. A largura da mata ciliar explicou 23,20% do substrato folha no canal dos riachos. A porcentagem de agricultura na microbacia explicou 16,20% da largura do canal. A velocidade média explicou 27,60% da largura do canal. A velocidade média, a largura e a profundidade do canal explicaram 50,10% do substrato silte no canal dos riachos. Portanto, o uso do solo afetou direta e indiretamente atributos de riachos de cabeceira de cerrado

Post-intervention Status in Patients With Refractory Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab During REGAIN and Its Open-Label Extension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether eculizumab helps patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) achieve the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status of minimal manifestations (MM), we assessed patients' status throughout REGAIN (Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in AChR+ Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis) and its open-label extension. METHODS: Patients who completed the REGAIN randomized controlled trial and continued into the open-label extension were included in this tertiary endpoint analysis. Patients were assessed for the MGFA post-intervention status of improved, unchanged, worse, MM, and pharmacologic remission at defined time points during REGAIN and through week 130 of the open-label study. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients completed REGAIN and continued into the open-label study (eculizumab/eculizumab: 56; placebo/eculizumab: 61). At week 26 of REGAIN, more eculizumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients achieved a status of improved (60.7% vs 41.7%) or MM (25.0% vs 13.3%; common OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). After 130 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 88.0% of patients achieved improved status and 57.3% of patients achieved MM status. The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with its known profile and no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Eculizumab led to rapid and sustained achievement of MM in patients with AChR+ refractory gMG. These findings support the use of eculizumab in this previously difficult-to-treat patient population. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: REGAIN, NCT01997229; REGAIN open-label extension, NCT02301624. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that, after 26 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 25.0% of adults with AChR+ refractory gMG achieved MM, compared with 13.3% who received placebo

Minimal Symptom Expression' in Patients With Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab

The efficacy and tolerability of eculizumab were assessed in REGAIN, a 26-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and its open-label extension

Fatores abióticos que afetam a distribuição do gênero Astyanax baird & Girard, 1854 em riachos de cabeceiras de Chapada dos Guimarães, bacia do Rio Cuiabá, Mato Grosso

The main factors that influence the species distribution are related mainly with the dispersion capacity, behavior, presence of other species and to the factors physicist-chemistries. Had been evaluated ecological factors that affect the distribution of the genus Astyanax in Chapada dos Guimaraes headstreams, Cuiaba River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Samples in 27 streams had been made in Chapada dos Guimaraes, and the fish had been collected through the method of electric fish, and the ambient data had been analyzed with one technique of called ordinance of Principal Components Analysis (PCA). 250 individuals had been collect, being 95 A. asuncionensis, 62 A. abramis, 36 A. lineatus and 57 individuals had been captured identified like A. scabripinnis (Jenyns, 1842) sensu Eigenmann, 1927. In relation the ambient characteristics, the variables gotten allowed two axes of the PCA, who explain 53,114 % of the variance of the seven variables analyzed. Axle 1, Main Component 1, explained 31,147 % and Axle 2, Main Component 2, explained 21,967 % of the variation of the ambient data. The formation of axle 1 was influenced positively by the depth and negative by the conductivity and pH. The formation of axle 2 was influenced positively by the Turbidity and negative to the Dissolved Oxygen. The ordinance of the species throughout for the axes corroborated for the understanding of the distribution of specimens.Os principais fatores que influenciam a distribuição de uma espécie estão relacionados principalmente com a capacidade de dispersão, o comportamento, a presença de outras espécies e aos fatores físico–químicos. Foram avaliados fatores ecológicos que afetam a distribuição do gênero Astyanax em riachos de cabeceira de Chapada dos Guimarães, bacia do Rio Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Foram amostrados 27 riachos de cabeceira de Chapada dos Guimarães, e os peixes foram coletados através do método de pesca elétrica, e os dados ambientais foram analisados pela Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA). Foram capturados 250 indivíduos pertencentes ao gênero Astyanax, sendo 95 A. asuncionensis, 62 A. abramis, 36 A. lineatus e 57 indivíduos identificados como A. scabripinnis (Jenyns, 1842) sensu Eigenmann, 1927. Em relação as características ambientais, as variações obtidas permitiram a formação de dois eixos da PCA explanaram 53,114 % da variância das sete variáveis analisadas. O Eixo 1, Componente Principal 1, explicou 31,147 % e o Eixo 2, Componente Principal 2, explicou 21,967 % da variação dos dados ambientais.A formação do eixo 1 foi influenciada positivamente pela profundidade e negativamente pela condutividade e pH. A formação do eixo 2 foi influenciada positivamente pela turbidez e negativamente pelo Oxigênio dissolvido. A ordenação das espécies ao longo dos eixos formados corroborou para a compreensão da distribuição dos espécimes

Estrutura e estado de explotação dos estoques do Jurupoca, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, e do Jurupensém, Sorubim cf. lima, na Bacia do Rio Cuiabá, Pantanla Mato-Grossense.

The fishery is an important economic activity at Pantanal. This study describe and analyse the age, the individual growth, the structure, the exploitation and the management alternatives for the two pimelodidae catfish stocks fished in region. The Porthole Shovelnose Catfish, Ilemisorubim platyrhynchos , and the Duckbill Catfish, Sorubim lima, are, respectively, the sixth and the seventh bigger Pantanal pimelodidae catfish. The fishes were caught by comercial and experimental fisheries with hook and line in Cuiabá river, Pantanal. The age and the individual growth were studied from the (a partir dos) pectoral fin-spines. The estimates fo growth parameters were used to obtain estimate of instantaneous mortality rates for the stocks. The consequences of different managemtn actions for the fishes and the fisheries were assessed with (através) the Beverton and Holt relative yield per recruit model. The results indicate that Il. platyrhynchos and S. lima show slow growth and intermediate natural mortality coeficient. The longevity of Il. platyrhynchos is of 11,4 years, and of S. lima is of 9,6 years. The fisheries catches several fishes cohorts and, in general, individuals abovemean lenght of first maturation. Because historical data are not available it is hard to assess the effects of arising (crescente) fisheries pressure on the stocks. Nevertheless, the results of relative yield per recruit model simulations indicate that presente fisheries effort is below of a conservative biological reference point - the P 0,1. So, the two species stocks are underexploited . However, an arising of presente fisheries effort must be seen with caution because (uma vez que) the raltion between stocks size and recruitment for the two species is not knewFinanciadora de Estudos e ProjetosA pesca é uma importante atividade econômica no Pantanal Mato-grossense. Este estudo descreve e analisa a idade, o crecimento dos indivíduos, a estrutura, o estado de explotação e as opções de manejo para os estoques de duas espécies de bagres pescados na região. O Jurupoca Ilemisorubim platyrhynchos e o Jurupensén Sorubim Lima são, respectivamente, o sexto e o sétimo maiores bagres do Pantanal. Os exemplares provieram da pesca comercial e experimental realizadas com linha e anzol no rio Cuiabá, Pantanal Mato-grossense. A idade e o crescimento dos indivíduos das espécies foram estudados a partir dos espinhos de nadadeiras peitorais. As estimativas dos parâmetros de crescimento foram posteriormente utilizadas na obtenção de estimativas dos coeficientes instântaneos de mortalidade para os estoques. As consequências da adoção de diferentes medidas de manejo para os estoques e a pesca foram avaliadas através do modelo de rendimento relativo por recruta. Os resultados indicam que Il. platyrhynchos e S. lima apresentam crescimento lento e coeficiente de mortalidade natural intermediário. A longevidade do Il. platyrhynchos é de 11,4 anos e a do S. lima de 9,6 anos. A pesca se concentra na captura de várias coortes de peixes, em geral, sobre indivíduos acima do comprimento médio de primeira maturação. A inexistência de dados históricos dificulta qualquer avaliação dos efeitos da crescente pressão de pesca sobre os estoques. Porém, os resultados das simulações do modelo de rendimento relativo por recruta indicam que o esforço de pesca atual está abaixo de um ponto de referência biológico conservador - o P 0,1. Assim pode-se concluir que o estado atual de explotação dos estoques das duas espécies está aquém do que o estoque teoricamente suportaria, portanto subexplotados. Contudo, um aumento no esforço de pesca atual deve ser visto com cautela uma vez que não se conhece a relação entre o tamanho do estoque e o recrutamento para as espécie