L'utilisation des moteurs de recherche par les jeunes : Impact des connaissances du domaine et des connaissances procédurales sur les stratégies d'exploration visuelle

International audienceDans une expérimentation conduite avec 53 élèves de CM2 utilisant la technique de l'oculométrie, nous tentons de mieux comprendre les stratégies d'exploration visuelle utilisées par de très jeunes usagers lors d'une tâche de recherche d'information sur le Web. Plus précisément, notre étude vise d'une part, à déterminer si plusieurs types de stratégies d'exploration visuelle d'une page de résultats proposés par un moteur de recherche (ou SERP) peuvent être déterminés et d'autre part, si des facteurs psychologiques (ici, les connaissances du domaine et les connaissances procédurales) peuvent influencer ces stratégies. Nos résultats ont principalement montré d'une part, que quatre stratégies d'exploration visuelle peuvent effectivement être distinguées et d'autre part, que le niveau de connaissances procédurales influence ces mêmes stratégies

second line cabozantinib versus nivolumab in advanced renal cell carcinoma systematic review and indirect treatment comparison

Abstract Background Nivolumab and cabozantinib, two new treatment options for previously-treated advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma (aRCC), have recently been approved. Methods Two independent reviewers performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. Indirect treatment comparisons were carried out by directly assessing HR differences and statistical modeling of Kaplan-Meier curves from these two trials. Results Publications identified showed that no head-to-head comparisons had been carried out. Two indirect treatment comparisons used agreed that there was no significant difference in OS between cabozantinib and nivolumab and that cabozantinib significantly improved PFS compared to nivolumab. Conclusions The field of aRCC treatments is evolving rapidly, creating opportunities for individualized treatments and challenges for clinicians to keep up with the evidence. In lieu of availability of direct comparisons of all options, advanced modeling results presented herein can help to inform and improve personalized treatments

Association between upper limb movements during drumming and cognition in older adults with cognitive impairment and dementia at a nursing home: a pilot study

BackgroundDespite the association between motor dysfunction and dementia, quantitative assessment of dementia-related specific motor dysfunction in patients with severe dementia is difficult. Thus, this study aimed to develop a new method to measure upper limb motor function in people with dementia.MethodsWe examined the relationship between dementia severity and dementia-related specific motor dysfunction using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a dementia screening test. Participants comprised 16 nursing home residents with a mean age of 86 years and MMSE score of 15.75 (range, 1–27) Points. Participants were seated in a circle and instructed to play a drum that was placed in their lap using mallets (drumsticks) in their dominant hand. Acceleration and gyroscopic sensors were attached to their wrists to collect data on arm movements while drumming. Upper limb motor characteristics were confirmed by recording acceleration and arm movement during drumming and analyzing the correlation with handgrip strength.ResultsHandgrip strength was correlated with arm elevation angle during drumming. The arm elevation angle displayed a significant regression equation with the MMSE score and showed the best regression equation along with handgrip strength (adjusted R2 = 0.6035, p = 0.0009).ConclusionWe developed a new method using drums to measure upper limb motor function in people with dementia. We also verified that the average arm elevation angle during drumming could predict cognitive dysfunction. This system may be used to monitor people with dementia in a simple and safe way

La recherche d'information : processus cognitifs, facteurs de difficultés et dimension de l'expertise.

Dans ce chapitre, nous examinons la recherche d'informations (RI) sous l'angle des processus psychologiques qui la sous-tendent. Nous définissons la recherche d'informations comme l'activité d'un individu qui vise à localiser et traiter une ou plusieurs informations au sein d'un environnement documentaire complexe, dans le but de répondre à une question ou de résoudre un problème. L'approche psychologique que nous proposons se distingue d'autres points de vue sur la RI en ce qu'elle s'efforce de décrire les processus cognitifs tels qu'ils se déroulent effectivement chez l'individu lors de cette activité (plutôt que les processus qui pourraient idéalement se dérouler), ainsi que les facteurs individuels qui influencent l'organisation de ces processus et leur efficacité.Plan du chapitre:- Processus cognitifs et métacognitifs dans la recherche d'informations- La sélection des informations pertinentes (Les critères de pertinence pour les adultes et les enfants)- Les difficultés des utilisateurs dans la recherche d'informations- Les différences entre experts et novices en recherche d'information

La recherche collaborative d'information sur Internet : impact de l'affinité entre les jeunes collaborateurs

Two experimental studies aim at describing the impacts of pair interaction and affective factors during the process of collaborative search for information on the World Wide Web when end-users are young learners recruited from Grade 3. In three successive sessions, students were asked to find answers to questions related to medieval history on the Internet. In these three sessions, students were asked to find these answers alone (condition "Alone"), or with a friend (condition "Affinity +"), or with another pupil who was not a friend (condition "Affinity -"). Several significant results have been obtained: (1) pairs retrieved effectively more answers, more correct answers, and were more efficient than singles; (2) pairs composed of children without social affinity retrieved more answers, more correct answers and were more efficient than pairs composed of friends; (3) pairs composed of friends produced significantly more irrelevant queries than pairs composed of children without social affinity; (4) pairs composed of children without social affinity are engaged in a great deal of consensus seeking, compared with the pairs composed of friends

Brain-Immune Interactions and Neuroinflammation After Traumatic Brain Injury

International audienceTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is the principal cause of death and disability in children and young adults. Clinical and preclinical research efforts have been carried out to understand the acute, life-threatening pathophysiological events happening after TBI. In the past few years, however, it was recognized that TBI causes significant morbidity weeks, months, or years after the initial injury, thereby contributing substantially to the overall burden of TBI and the decrease of life expectancy in these patients. Long-lasting sequels of TBI include cognitive decline/dementia, sensory-motor dysfunction, and psychiatric disorders, and most important for patients is the need for socioeconomic rehabilitation affecting their quality of life. Cerebrovascular alterations have been described during the first week after TBI for direct consequence development of neuroinflammatory process in relation to brain edema. Within the brain-immune interactions, the complement system, which is a family of blood and cell surface proteins, participates in the pathophysiology process. In fact, the complement system is part of the primary defense and clearance component of innate and adaptive immune response. In this review, the complement activation after TBI will be described in relation to the activation of the microglia and astrocytes as well as the blood-brain barrier dysfunction during the first week after the injury. Considering the neuroinflammatory activity as a causal element of neurological handicaps, some major parallel lines of complement activity in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer pathologies with regard to cognitive impairment will be discussed for chronic TBI. A better understanding of the role of complement activation could facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches for TB

The Comparative Medical Costs of Atherothrombotic Disease in European Countries

Background: The clinical manifestations of atherothrombotic disease include ischaemic heart disease (including myocardial infarction [MI]) and cerebrovascular disease (including ischaemic stroke [IS]). Although costs generated by the clinical manifestations of atherothrombotic disease represent an important economic burden for any healthcare system, very few economic comparative data are available. Objective: To: (i) assess management costs of the different practice patterns for acute and chronic phases for MI, IS and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in eight European countries; and (ii) to simulate the cost of managing a patient with an atherothrombotic disease for 2 years in Europe. Study perspective: Healthcare system. Methods: Firstly, the medical costs of managing MI and IS were analysed during the acute phase and subsequent 6-month periods over a total of 2 years. In each case, a decision tree was designed to indicate resource use. Assumptions concerning patient management and resource use were based on currently available local and international literature, official national statistics and local expert opinions (Delphi panel). Costs were assessed using diagnosis-related groups (Austria, Italy, Portugal and Sweden), or hospital databases and national tariffs (Belgium, France, Spain and Switzerland). Secondly, these costs were correlated to data from a large randomised clinical trial to estimate the overall cost per patient with atherothrombotic disease over a 2-year period. Results: For MI, there was a 2-fold difference in costs between the eight countries ( Conclusions: There are differences in the overall costs and cost breakdown in the clinical management patterns of MI and IS in Europe. These differences seem to arise as a result of local treatment pattern specificities as well as the availability of specific and well-adapted structures for patientsAnti-ischaemics, Cerebral-ischaemia, Cost-analysis, Ischaemic-heart-disorders, Pharmacoeconomics