Agriculture and The Challenge to Reduce Poverty in East Africa

The three East African (EA) countries Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda have a population of about 95 million people and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of USD 34.2 billion. In recent years efforts has been made among the three East African countries, towards forging economic and regional co-operation by establishing the East African Community (EAC). The premise for economic and regional co-operation has been underpinned for the need for a common market and boost regional trade. The ultimate goal of these efforts is to achieve one of the international development objectives of increasing growth to 7% a year that is required to reduce income poverty. One of the challenges that East African countries need to tackle in the face of globalisation is the ability to participate in international markets. East African countries have to make serious consideration with regards to changing the composition of their exports away from primary products to manufactured exports. Value addition to both agricultural and industrial products is vital to improving the EA economies. This paper examines the composition of East Africa’s economic structure. The aim is to analyse how the economic structure has changed over time, and to assess whether or not East African countries have transformed their agricultural sectors, and what the impact has been on poverty reduction in these economies.Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, International Relations/Trade, Land Economics/Use, Marketing, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

The Relationship between Fiscal Federalism and CO2 emissions in China

The decentralization of fiscal responsibilities in China has strengthened economic development and enhanced local public management. However, due to fiscal competition, local governments that are fiscally constrained tend to neglect environmental standards in favour of economic growth. This study researches how outcomes of fiscal federalism in China, measured by budgetary ratios of gross regional products, relate to environmental diversities between provinces, measured by CO2 emission intensity. A panel dataset including 30 Chinese provinces between 2003 and 2015 is empirically tested with fixed-effect method. Test results reveal that provinces with high ratio of revenues have higher CO2 intensity the same year but lower CO2 intensity the second year. Results also show that provinces with high expenditure ratios have lower CO2 intensity. However, provinces with high deficit ratio exhibit lower CO2 intensity. The overall results indicate that the relationship between the budgetary sizes of provinces and decentralized management of environmental protection is contradictory. This may relate to the exclusion of central-to-local transfers and off-budgetary sources, which vary between provinces and potentially affect the relationship. The study determines that the relationship between provincial fiscal diversities and CO2 intensity diverges in China depending on which of revenues, expenditures or deficits that is used as a fiscal proxy

KAJIAN YURIDIS TRANSAKSI DERIVATIF KONTRAK BERJANGKA DALAM BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

Derivative trading is a form of trading that moves fast (fast moving), in large numbers (high volume) and with a high level of liquidity (free following liquid activity). Initially, derivative transactions attracted the interests of companies in the world because they could generate huge profits while also serving as a means of hedging. However, at present the boundary between the use of derivative transactions in Indonesia as a means of hedging and a means for speculating for huge profits has not been confirmed. This is because the use of derivative transactions to seek large profits has the potential to also get very large losses. A concrete example of the impact of derivative transactions can be seen in the collapse of Baring Bank, the oldest bank in the UK to go bankrupt due to derivative transactions carried out by a manager. Therefore in the use of derivative transactions as a means of hedging and a means of profit speculation there must be a clear and explicit distinction. From 2001 to 2009 derivative products were stopped by the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), this was due to less dynamic trading. Beginning in 2016, the IDX announced the reactivation of trading in derivative products based on the Securities Index-based Futures Contract (KBIE) namely LQ-45 (LQ-45 Futures Index). There are two derivative products that will actually be present in the Indonesian stock market, namely futures contracts and stock options. But for now, the only derivative product on the Indonesian stock market is the LQ-45 stock index futures contract

AKIBAT HUKUM PEMBUATAN BALIK NAMA SERTIFIKAT TANPA SEPENGETAHUAN PEMILIKNYA DITINJAU DARI KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM PIDANA

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana prosedur pembuatan sertifikat hak milik atas tanah menurut Pasal 4 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria dan bagaimana akibat hukum pembuatan balik nama sertifikat tanpa sepengetahuan pemiliknya di tinjau dari Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, yang dengan metode penelitian hukum normatif disimpulkan: 1. Prosedur pembuatan sertifikat secara umum: a. Pengurusan di Kantor BPN. b. Pengukuran ke lokasi. c. Penerbitan Sertifikat Tanah Hak Milik. d. Pembayaran Bea Perolehan Hak atas Tanah (BPHTB). 2. Menurut Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Pasal 264 Ayat (1) mengenai pemalsuan surat diperberat, sedangkan Pasal 266 Ayat (1), pelaku penghadap atau Klien yang menyuruh Notaris melakukan untuk memasukkan keterangan palsu kedalam akta otentik dan bunyi dari masing-masing Ayat (2) antara Pasal 264 dan Pasal 266 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Isinya sama, yaitu tentang pembuatan akta dengan kesengajaan memakai akta seolah-olah isinya benar

PENGARUH IKLAN TOKOPEDIA “MULAI AJA DULU” DALAM MEDIA SOSIAL YOUTUBE TERHADAP BRAND AWARENESS PERUSAHAAN : Studi Survei Pada Penonton Iklan Tokopedia Di Cimahi

Tokopedia merupakan merupakan online marketplace yang memungkinkan setiap individu dan pemilik bisnis di Indonesia membuka dan mengelola toko online mereka secara mudah dan bebas biaya. Perusahaan melakukan publikasi melalui iklan di Youtube dalam memperkenalkan layanan tersebut. Namun tidak hanya dari iklan social media saja khalayak mengetahui Tokopedia melainkan dari teman dan televisi. Bahkan brand awareness khalayak terhadap Tokopedia masih kurang terbukti walaupun jumlah pengguna di Indonesia cukup banyak. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, maka diadakan penelitian mengenai Pengaruh Iklan Tokopedia “Mulai Aja Dulu” Dalam Media Sosial Youtube Terhadap Brand Awareness Perusahaan (Studi Survei Pada Penonton Iklan Tokopedia Di Cimahi). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh iklan social media Youtube yang terdiri dari isi pesan, daya tarik, dan intensitas penayangan terhadap brand awareness Tokopedia. Sehingga teori yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah teori S-O-R, dimana stimulus dapat mengubah respon yaitu iklan social media Youtube dapat meningkatkan brand awareness khalayak. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif metode survei eksplanatif menggunakan angket sebagai alat pengumpul data. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kota Cimahi dengan jumlah responden 100 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa iklan media social Youtube yang terdiri dari isi pesan, daya tarik dan intensitas penayangan secara simultan berpengaruh positif terhadap brand awareness Tokopedia. Kata Kunci : Tokopedia, Iklan Youtube, Isi Pesan, Daya Tarik, Intensitas Penayangan, Brand awareness ------- Tokopedia is an online marketplace that allows every individual and business owner in Indonesia to open and manage their online store easily and free of charge. The company publishes through advertisements on Youtube in introducing these services. But not only from social media advertisements, audiences know Tokopedia but from friends and television. Even the brand awareness of the audience towards Tokopedia is still not proven even though the number of users in Indonesia is quite large. Based on these problems, a study was conducted on the Effect of Tokopedia Ads "Starting First Time" on Youtube Social Media on Corporate Brand Awareness (Survey Study on Tokopedia Ad Viewers in Cimahi). The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of Youtube social media ads which consisted of message content, attractiveness, and intensity of exposure to Tokopedia brand awareness. So the theory used in this study is the theory of S-O-R, where stimulus can change the response, namely Youtube social media advertising can increase the brand awareness of the audience. This study uses a quantitative approach with an explanatory survey method using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. This research was conducted in Cimahi City with 100 respondents. The results showed that Youtube social media ads consisting of message content, attractiveness and intensity of impressions simultaneously had a positive effect on Tokopedia brand awareness. Keywords: Tokopedia, Youtube Ads, Content, Advertising Appeal, The Intensity of Views, Brand awarenes

A critical evaluation of the independence of the Office of the Chief Justice and its role in promoting judicial transformation in South Africa

The legislative supremacy of Parliament has dominated the constitutional law of South Africa for a very long time. In the pre-constitutional era, the judiciary had no power to question the deeds of Parliament. Despite the need for the judiciary to be independent from the two other governmental branches to execute its function effectively, it was surely dependent on them. However, the creation of the Office of the Chief Justice (OCJ) as a separate governmental department by the Constitutional Seventeenth Amendment Act, read together with Superior Court Act, mandated by the requirements of a supreme Constitution (and not Parliament), changed things so that the judiciary is no longer dependent on government for its day-to-day administration. This thesis examines the independence of the OCJ and its role in promoting judicial transformation in the new South Africa.Public, Constitutional and International LawLL. M. (Human Rights Law