Judicial System of Michigan under Governor and Judges

When the Territory of Michigan came into existence July i, 1805, it found a system of jurisprudence in operation which had been adopted by the Governor and Judges of the Northwest Territory from the laws of Pennsylvania, due no doubt, to the fact that Gov. Arthur St. Clair had lived some years in that State, had been a member of its Board of Censors, a magistrate, and was familiar with its judicial system which provided a-Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace in each county composed of Justices of the Peace, a Court of Common Pleas in each County, a Circuit Court composed of one or more of the judges of the Supreme Court for the trial of issues joined in that Court, and finally the Supreme or General Court, having both original and appellate jurisdiction. One of the officials provided in this system was the Chief Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas or the Prothonotary; in that part of the Territory, which later became Michigan, there never was but one Prothonotary, Peter Audrain of Detroit

History of Michigan Constitutional Provision Prohibiting a General Revision of the Laws

Alone among the states of the Union, Michigan has, since i85o, pr6hibited any general revision of the laws and permits only a compilation of laws in force without alteration. As practically all the neighboring states, as well as New York, from which much of the early legislatiorf of Michigan was derived, have continued to revise their statutes from time to time, it may be interesting to see why Michigan alone has thought it desirable not only to stop the practice which it followed until I85o, but to prevent effectually its legislature from ever attempting it in the future

Electricity in Mining

Also included in this item is a discussion of C. W. Jenks' paper by various members of the Institut

Flight test evaluation of a separate surface attitude command control system on a Beech 99 airplane

A joint NASA/university/industry program was conducted to flight evaluate a potentially low cost separate surface implementation of attitude command in a Beech 99 airplane. Saturation of the separate surfaces was the primary cause of many problems during development. Six experienced professional pilots who made simulated instrument flight evaluations experienced improvements in airplane handling qualities in the presence of turbulence and a reduction in pilot workload. For ride quality, quantitative data show that the attitude command control system results in all cases of airplane motion being removed from the uncomfortable ride region

Survival of White-Tailed Deer Fawns in the Grasslands of the Northern Great Plains

Environmental factors, such as forest characteristics, have been linked to fawn survival in eastern and southern white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) populations. In the Great Plains, less is known about how intrinsic and habitat factors influence fawn survival. During 2007-2009, we captured and radiocollared 81 fawns in north-central South Dakota and recorded 23 mortalities, of which 18 died before 1 September. Predation accounted for 52.2% of mortality; remaining mortality included human (hunting, vehicle, and farm accident; 26.1%) and hypothermia (21.7%). Coyotes (Canis latrans) accounted for 83.3% of predation on fawns. We used known-fate analysis in Program MARK to estimate summer (15 May-31 Aug) survival rates and investigated the influence of intrinsic and habitat variables on survival. We developed 2 a priori model sets, including intrinsic variables and a test of annual variation in survival (model set 1) and habitat variables (model set 2). Model set 1 indicated that summer survival varied among years (2007-2009); annual survival rates were 0.94 (SE = 0.06, n = 22), 0.78 (SE = 0.09, n = 27), and 0.54 (SE = 0.10, n = 32), respectively. Model set 2 indicated that survival was further influenced by patch density of cover habitats (Conservation Reserve Program [CRP]-grasslands, forested cover, and wetlands). Mean CRPgrassland and wetland patch density (no. patches/100 ha) were greater (P \u3c 0.001) in home-range areas of surviving fawns (xcRPPD = 1.81, SE = 0.10, n = 63; XWe,PD = 1.75, SE = 0.14, n = 63, respectively) than in home-range areas of fawns that died (xcRPPD = 0.16, SE = 0.04, n = 18; XWe,PD = 1.28, SE = 0.10, n = 18, respectively). Mean forested cover patch density was less (P \u3c 0.001) in home-range areas of surviving fawns (fycpn = 0.77, SE = 0.10, n = 63) than in home-range areas of fawns that died (XF CPD = 1.49, SE = 0.21, n = 18). Our results indicate that management activities should focus on CRP-grassland and wetland habitats in order to maintain or improve fawn survival in the northern Great Plains, rather than forested cover composed primarily of tree plantings and shelterbelts

The Prairie Naturalist Manuscript Submission Guidelines

These guidelines present The Prairie Naturalist (PNAT) policies and procedures for submitting scientific manuscripts for consideration for publication. In January 2009, a change in Editorial staff occurred and these guidelines address the ongoing transition and update the online Suggestions for Contributors guidelines provided on the PNAT website (http://www.fhsu.edu/biology/pn/prairienat.htm); these instructions supersede all previous guidelines. Tables and appendices are included for common word expressions with superfluous wording, examples of correct format and style guidelines for tables accompanying manuscripts, guidance in properly preparing Research Articles and Notes, citing literature, and mandatory abbreviations for tables, figures and parenthetical expressions

Cosmological Implications of Kalb-Ramond-Like-Particles

The Kalb-Ramond field is an antisymmetric, rank-two tensor field which most notably appears in the context of string theory, but has largely been unexplored in the context of cosmology. In this work, motivated by the Kalb-Ramond field in string theory, and antisymmetric tensor fields that emerge in effective field theories ranging from particle physics to condensed matter, we study the primordial production of interacting massive Kalb-Ramond-like-particles (KRLPs). KRLPs contain features of both dark photon and axion models, which can be appreciated via their duality properties. While the massless non-interacting KRLP is dual to a pseudoscalar, and the massive non-interacting KRLP is dual to a pseudovector, the interacting massive KRLP can be distinguished from its scalar and vector counterparts. We study early-universe production of KRLPs via the freeze-in mechanism, considering a `dark photon-like' interaction, an `axion-like' interaction, and a `Higgs portal' interaction, as well as production via cosmological gravitational particle production. We find that as a dark matter candidate, KRLPs can be produced by all of the above mechanisms and account for the relic density of dark matter today for a wide range of masses. Finally, we comment on the potential to obtain both warm and cold dark matter subcomponents, and speculate on observational and experimental prospects.Comment: 40 pages, 3 figure

An experimental study of ammonia-water bubble absorption in a constrained microscale film

An experimental study of absorption of ammonia into a constrained thin film of ammonia-water solution is presented. A large aspect ratio microchannel with one of its walls formed by a porous material is used to constrain the thickness of the liquid film. Experiments were performed at a pressure of 1, 2.5 and 4 bar absolute and a fixed weak solution inlet temperature. Weak solution flow rates were varied from 10 to 30 g/min, inlet mass concentrations from 0 to 15 percent, and gas flow rates between 1 and 3 g/min. Six geometries, including three smooth-bottom-walled channels of differing depths and three channels with structured bottom walls are considered. Results indicate that for identical rates of vapor absorption, the overall heat transfer coefficient for the 400 um smooth microchannel is significantly larger than of the 150 um and 1500 um smooth channels. For the 150 um channel, the largest overall heat and mass transfer coefficients were achieved for the highest vapor to solution flow rate ratio, where the ratio of heat generated to heat removed was unity. A numerical model is also presented that predicts temperature and concentration profiles along the length of the absorber. In the present state, the model is not adequate for realistic sizing due to assuming instantaneous absorption of ammonia vapor. An updated model is proposed that accounts for local mass transfer phenomena that accounts for bubble size reduction and eventual absorption. Finally, sizing estimates are introduced by scaling up the absorber using the highest flow rate ratio case, 3/10. The magnitude of the scale is dependent upon the application (residential or vehicular). Absorber dimensions for a vehicle are estimated at 4 cm x 14 cm x 28 cm, and the residential absorber dimensions, 4 cm x 29 cm x 58 cm