The dramain secondary school education and teaching: methodical-didactic proposals for practice in teaching visual art and Croatian language

Obrazovanje je sustavno organizirano učenje kojim se razvijaju razne vještine i sposobnosti, dok je nastava samo jedan od oblika organiziranoga učenja. Nastava se sastoji od učenika, učitelja, nastavne građe, raznih nastavnih uvjeta te odnosa između sudionika nastavnoga procesa i nastavnih situacija. Postoji tradicionalna, frontalna nastava u kojoj je učenik samo pasivni promatrač te suvremena nastava koja je okrenuta prema učeniku i njegovim potrebama. Kako bi nastava postala kvalitetnija i suvremenija mora težiti raznim suvremenim metodama. Planiranje odgoja i obrazovanja u suvremenoj je nastavi zadaća kurikula. Kurikulski pristup je taj koji napušta shvaćanje poučavanja kao transmisiju gotovog znanja. Ulaskom Republike Hrvatske u Europsku uniju počele su ozbiljnije reforme hrvatskoga školstva s težnjom prema suvremenijoj i kvalitetnijoj nastavi, poznate danas i kao kurikularna reforma. Postoje mnoge provjerene metode suvremenoga poučavanja i učenja (lateralno učenje, oluja mozgova ili brainstorming, kreativno rješavanje problema, tehnologija stvaralaštva, sposobnosti mišljenja, supermozak i neograničeni talenti), no, proučavanjem različitih istraživanja dolazimo do zaključka da se one rijetko koriste u hrvatskom odgojno-obrazovnom procesu. Dramski odgoj, oblik poučavanja i učenja dramskim iskustvom, jedna je od potencijalnih suvremenih metoda koju bi valjalo uvesti u nastavu. Dramski odgoj pokušava knjiško učenje zamijeniti iskustvenim. Dramski odgoj, odnosno tadašnji scenski odgoj, u Hrvatskoj promatramo od razdoblja nakon Drugog svjetskog rata pa sve do danas. Dramski pedagoški rad poznat je u Hrvatskoj već dugo, ali tek zadnjih desetak godina naglašenije ulazi u nastavu. Kad govorimo o dramskim metodama kao metodama poučavanja i učenja, govorimo o dramskom izražavanju u nastavi. Jednostavniji oblici koje koristimo u nastavi su dramske tehnike, a složeniji dramske metode. Dramske tehnike su sve dramske igre, dramske vježbe i improvizacije. Sastoje se od mnogih funkcionalnih i odgojnih zadataka, moguće ih je koristiti u svim nastavnim predmetima te su, potencijalno, držane uspješnima jer mogu stvoriti kvalitetniju, bolju i uspješniju nastavu okrenutu prema učeniku kojoj teži suvremeno poučavanje i učenje. Kako bi pokazali da se dramski odgoj može smisleno inkorporirati u nastavu, u radu se predlažu dramske, didaktičko-metodičke vježbe za nastavu Likovne umjetnosti i Hrvatskog jezika.Education is systematically organized learning that develops various skills and abilities, while teaching is just one of many forms of organized learning. Teaching consists of students, teachers, teaching materials, various teaching conditions and the relationship between the participants in the teaching process and teaching situations. There is traditional, frontal teaching where the student is only a passive observer and contemporary teaching that is geared towards the student and their needs. In order to improve the quality of teaching and for it to become more modern, we must strive for various modern methods.Planning of education in modern teaching is the task of the curriculum. The curricular approach has abandoned the idea of teaching as a transmission of knowledge.With the entry of the Republic of Croatia into the European Union, serious reforms of Croatian education began. They aspire to more modern and higher-quality teaching, also known today as the curricular reform. There are various methods of contemporary teaching and learning available today (lateral learning, brainstorming, creative problem solving, creativity technology, ability of thinking, superbrain and unlimited talents) but by comparing different research we come to the conclusion that they are rarely used in Croatian educational process.Drama education, a form of teaching and learning through dramatic experience, is one of the potential contemporary methods that should be introduced into teaching. Drama education attempts to replace learning from books with learning from experience. Drama education used to be called stage education, and it has been present in Croatia since the end of World War Two. The drama pedagogic work has been present in Croatia for a long time, but it has become a part of education only in the last ten years. When we talk about dramatic methods as teaching and learning methods, we are talking about dramatic expression in teaching. Simpler forms we use in teaching are dramatic techniques and ones that are more complex are dramatic methods. The dramatic techniques are all drama games, drama exercises and improvisations. They consist of many functional and educational tasks, can be used in all classes and are considered successful because they can create a teaching process that is of a higher quality, better and more successful, which is what the modern education strives towards. To demonstrate that dramatic education can be meaningfully incorporated into teaching, the paper proposes dramatic, didactic-methodical exercises for the teaching of Art and Croatian Language