PI3K inhibition circumvents resistance to SHP2 blockade in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.

The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 activates oncogenic pathways downstream of most receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and has been implicated in various cancer types, including the highly aggressive subtype of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Although allosteric inhibitors of SHP2 have been developed and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials, neither the mechanisms of the resistance to these agents, nor the means to circumvent such resistance have been clearly defined. The PI3K signaling pathway is also hyperactivated in breast cancer and contributes to resistance to anticancer therapies. When PI3K is inhibited, resistance also develops for example via activation of RTKs. We therefore assessed the effect of targeting PI3K and SHP2 alone or in combination in preclinical models of metastatic TNBC. In addition to the beneficial inhibitory effects of SHP2 alone, dual PI3K/SHP2 treatment decreased primary tumor growth synergistically, blocked the formation of lung metastases, and increased survival in preclinical models. Mechanistically, transcriptome and phospho-proteome analyses revealed that resistance to SHP2 inhibition is mediated by PDGFRβ-evoked activation of PI3K signaling. Altogether, our data provide a rationale for co-targeting of SHP2 and PI3K in metastatic TNBC

Régulation de l'activité de récepteur alpha des oestrogènes (ERα) par l'hypoxie et le facteur MKL1 dans un modèle de cellules cancéreuses mammaires

Estrogens, and in particular estradiol E2, regulate a considerable number of physiological functions in the body and allow the establishment and maintenance of reproductive functions in all vertebrates. E2 acts locally in multiple target organs via its receptors: ERα and ERβ. By its proliferative action contributing to the renewal of the mammary epithelium, E2 as well as its ERα receptor have been associated with the pathological development of mammary tumors. These are qualified as hormone-dependent because they, for the majority of them, respond to the use of hormone therapy to block their growth. Unfortunately, it is estimated that 30-40% of mammary tumors end up with resistance to anti-estrogen treatments, through extremely complex mechanisms. The work presented in this manuscript aims to better understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the escape of mammary tumor cells to hormonal control. In this thesis, we looked at two factors that can modulate the ERα activity: hypoxia, which refers to oxygen depletion in the cellular microenvironment, and the RhoA/MKL1 pathway that is frequently activated during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Hypoxia is a major feature of solid tumors, and studies suggest a role in the development of endocrine resistance in breast cancer. We show that hypoxic stress strongly inhibits the expression of ERα, mainly at the protein level, and that it abolishes E2-induced cell proliferation and survival. Transcriptomic analysis shows that a certain number of ERα target genes are also regulated by hypoxia, which can either repress (CXCL12) or increase their expression (AREG ...). Moreover, the analysis of the ERα cistrome demonstrates a massive loss of the number of ERBSs (Estrogen Receptor Binding Site) by hypoxia, but also an appearance of hypoxia-specific ERBSs. Our results suggest that the strong regulatory overlap between ERα and hypoxia may modulate the efficacy of anti-hormonal therapies. Finally, the team demonstrated that the activation of the RhoA/MKL1 pathway causes a strong inhibition of the ERα AF1 function. In order to better understand the effects of this signaling pathway on ERα activity, an MCF7 cell line stably expressing a constitutively active mutant of the MKL1 factor was generated. We show that its expression profoundly modifies the cellular context by causing the switch from a luminal phenotype to a basal-like phenotype. The transcriptomic analysis of the E2 response shows that the MKL1 induced change in cell fate abolishes any transcriptional regulation of ERα target genes. This change in cellular orientation is accompanied by massive reprogramming of the ERα cistrome with a significant loss of its chromatin binding sites, but also unexpectedly, an enrichment of new ERBSs. Finally, we show a strong increase of "non-genomic" ERα interactions with cytoplasmic partners such as PI3K, MSK1 and Src. These data suggest that in aggressive mesenchymal cells expressing ERα, the receptor activity is mainly based on its "non-genomic" action. Interestingly, the use of pure anti-estrogen ICI 182 780 has no inhibitory effect on these interactions, for which a functional role remains to be established.Les œstrogènes, et en particulier l’œstradiol E2, régulent un nombre considérable de fonctions physiologiques au sein de l’organisme et permettent notamment l’établissement et le maintien des fonctions reproductives chez tous les vertébrés. L’E2 agit localement dans de multiples organes cibles via l’intermédiaire de ses récepteurs : ERα et ERβ. Par son action proliférative contribuant au renouvellement de l’épithélium mammaire, l’E2 ainsi que son récepteur ERα ont été associés au développement pathologique de tumeurs mammaires. Celles-ci sont qualifiées d’hormono-dépendantes car elles répondent pour la majorité d’entre elles à l’utilisation de l’hormonothérapie visant à bloquer leur croissance. Malheureusement, on estime que 30 à 40% des tumeurs mammaires finissent par présenter une résistance aux traitements anti-oestrogéniques, par des mécanismes extrêmement complexes. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit ont pour objectifs de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires impliqués dans le phénomène d’échappement des cellules tumorales mammaires au contrôle hormonal. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux facteurs capables de moduler l’activité d’ERα : l’hypoxie, qui désigne l’appauvrissement en oxygène du microenvironnement cellulaire, et la voie RhoA/MKL1 fréquemment mise en place au cours de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse. L’hypoxie est une caractéristique majeure des tumeurs solides, et des études lui suggèrent un rôle dans l’apparition de résistance endocrine. Nous montrons que le stress hypoxique inhibe fortement l’expression d’ERα, principalement au niveau protéique, et qu’il abolit la prolifération et la survie cellulaire induites par l’E2. L’analyse transcriptomique démontre qu’un certain nombre de gènes cibles d’ERα sont également régulés par l’hypoxie, qui peut soit réprimer (CXCL12…) ou bien augmenter leur expression (AREG…). Par ailleurs, l’analyse du cistrome d’ERα démontre une perte massive du nombre d’ERBSs (Estrogen Receptor Binding Site) par l’hypoxie, mais également une apparition d’ERBSs hypoxie-spécifiques. Nos résultats suggèrent que le fort recouvrement de régulation entre ERα et l’hypoxie puisse moduler l’efficacité des thérapies antihormonales. Enfin, l’équipe a démontré que l’activation de la voie RhoA/MKL1 provoque une forte inhibition de la fonction AF1 d’ERα. Afin de mieux appréhender les effets de cette voie de signalisation sur l’activité d’ERα, une lignée cellulaire MCF7 exprimant stablement un mutant constitutivement actif du facteur MKL1 a été générée. Nous montrons que son expression modifie profondément le contexte cellulaire en provoquant le basculement d’un phénotype luminal vers un phénotype basal-like. L’analyse transcriptomique de la réponse à l’E2 montre que le changement d’orientation cellulaire induit par MKL1 abolit toute régulation transcriptionnelle des gènes cibles d’ERα. Ce changement d’orientation cellulaire s’accompagne d’une reprogrammation massive du cistrome d’ERα avec une perte importante de ses sites de fixation à la chromatine, mais également de façon inattendue, un enrichissement en nouveaux ERBSs. Enfin, nous montrons une forte augmentation des interactions « non-génomiques » d’ERα avec des partenaires cytoplasmiques tels que PI3K, MSK1 et Src. Ces données suggèrent que dans des cellules agressives de type mésenchymal exprimant ERα, l’activité du récepteur repose majoritairement sur son action « non-génomique ». De façon intéressante, l’utilisation de l’anti-œstrogène pur ICI 182 780 n’a aucun effet inhibiteur sur ces interactions, pour lesquelles un rôle fonctionnel reste à établir

Regulation of estrogen receptor alpha activity by hypoxia and the factor MKL1 in breast cancer cells

Les œstrogènes, et en particulier l’œstradiol E2, régulent un nombre considérable de fonctions physiologiques au sein de l’organisme et permettent notamment l’établissement et le maintien des fonctions reproductives chez tous les vertébrés. L’E2 agit localement dans de multiples organes cibles via l’intermédiaire de ses récepteurs : ERα et ERβ. Par son action proliférative contribuant au renouvellement de l’épithélium mammaire, l’E2 ainsi que son récepteur ERα ont été associés au développement pathologique de tumeurs mammaires. Celles-ci sont qualifiées d’hormono-dépendantes car elles répondent pour la majorité d’entre elles à l’utilisation de l’hormonothérapie visant à bloquer leur croissance. Malheureusement, on estime que 30 à 40% des tumeurs mammaires finissent par présenter une résistance aux traitements anti-oestrogéniques, par des mécanismes extrêmement complexes. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit ont pour objectifs de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires impliqués dans le phénomène d’échappement des cellules tumorales mammaires au contrôle hormonal. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux facteurs capables de moduler l’activité d’ERα : l’hypoxie, qui désigne l’appauvrissement en oxygène du microenvironnement cellulaire, et la voie RhoA/MKL1 fréquemment mise en place au cours de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse. L’hypoxie est une caractéristique majeure des tumeurs solides, et des études lui suggèrent un rôle dans l’apparition de résistance endocrine. Nous montrons que le stress hypoxique inhibe fortement l’expression d’ERα, principalement au niveau protéique, et qu’il abolit la prolifération et la survie cellulaire induites par l’E2. L’analyse transcriptomique démontre qu’un certain nombre de gènes cibles d’ERα sont également régulés par l’hypoxie, qui peut soit réprimer (CXCL12…) ou bien augmenter leur expression (AREG…). Par ailleurs, l’analyse du cistrome d’ERα démontre une perte massive du nombre d’ERBSs (Estrogen Receptor Binding Site) par l’hypoxie, mais également une apparition d’ERBSs hypoxie-spécifiques. Nos résultats suggèrent que le fort recouvrement de régulation entre ERα et l’hypoxie puisse moduler l’efficacité des thérapies antihormonales. Enfin, l’équipe a démontré que l’activation de la voie RhoA/MKL1 provoque une forte inhibition de la fonction AF1 d’ERα. Afin de mieux appréhender les effets de cette voie de signalisation sur l’activité d’ERα, une lignée cellulaire MCF7 exprimant stablement un mutant constitutivement actif du facteur MKL1 a été générée. Nous montrons que son expression modifie profondément le contexte cellulaire en provoquant le basculement d’un phénotype luminal vers un phénotype basal-like. L’analyse transcriptomique de la réponse à l’E2 montre que le changement d’orientation cellulaire induit par MKL1 abolit toute régulation transcriptionnelle des gènes cibles d’ERα. Ce changement d’orientation cellulaire s’accompagne d’une reprogrammation massive du cistrome d’ERα avec une perte importante de ses sites de fixation à la chromatine, mais également de façon inattendue, un enrichissement en nouveaux ERBSs. Enfin, nous montrons une forte augmentation des interactions « non-génomiques » d’ERα avec des partenaires cytoplasmiques tels que PI3K, MSK1 et Src. Ces données suggèrent que dans des cellules agressives de type mésenchymal exprimant ERα, l’activité du récepteur repose majoritairement sur son action « non-génomique ». De façon intéressante, l’utilisation de l’anti-œstrogène pur ICI 182 780 n’a aucun effet inhibiteur sur ces interactions, pour lesquelles un rôle fonctionnel reste à établir.Estrogens, and in particular estradiol E2, regulate a considerable number of physiological functions in the body and allow the establishment and maintenance of reproductive functions in all vertebrates. E2 acts locally in multiple target organs via its receptors: ERα and ERβ. By its proliferative action contributing to the renewal of the mammary epithelium, E2 as well as its ERα receptor have been associated with the pathological development of mammary tumors. These are qualified as hormone-dependent because they, for the majority of them, respond to the use of hormone therapy to block their growth. Unfortunately, it is estimated that 30-40% of mammary tumors end up with resistance to anti-estrogen treatments, through extremely complex mechanisms. The work presented in this manuscript aims to better understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the escape of mammary tumor cells to hormonal control. In this thesis, we looked at two factors that can modulate the ERα activity: hypoxia, which refers to oxygen depletion in the cellular microenvironment, and the RhoA/MKL1 pathway that is frequently activated during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Hypoxia is a major feature of solid tumors, and studies suggest a role in the development of endocrine resistance in breast cancer. We show that hypoxic stress strongly inhibits the expression of ERα, mainly at the protein level, and that it abolishes E2-induced cell proliferation and survival. Transcriptomic analysis shows that a certain number of ERα target genes are also regulated by hypoxia, which can either repress (CXCL12) or increase their expression (AREG ...). Moreover, the analysis of the ERα cistrome demonstrates a massive loss of the number of ERBSs (Estrogen Receptor Binding Site) by hypoxia, but also an appearance of hypoxia-specific ERBSs. Our results suggest that the strong regulatory overlap between ERα and hypoxia may modulate the efficacy of anti-hormonal therapies. Finally, the team demonstrated that the activation of the RhoA/MKL1 pathway causes a strong inhibition of the ERα AF1 function. In order to better understand the effects of this signaling pathway on ERα activity, an MCF7 cell line stably expressing a constitutively active mutant of the MKL1 factor was generated. We show that its expression profoundly modifies the cellular context by causing the switch from a luminal phenotype to a basal-like phenotype. The transcriptomic analysis of the E2 response shows that the MKL1 induced change in cell fate abolishes any transcriptional regulation of ERα target genes. This change in cellular orientation is accompanied by massive reprogramming of the ERα cistrome with a significant loss of its chromatin binding sites, but also unexpectedly, an enrichment of new ERBSs. Finally, we show a strong increase of "non-genomic" ERα interactions with cytoplasmic partners such as PI3K, MSK1 and Src. These data suggest that in aggressive mesenchymal cells expressing ERα, the receptor activity is mainly based on its "non-genomic" action. Interestingly, the use of pure anti-estrogen ICI 182 780 has no inhibitory effect on these interactions, for which a functional role remains to be established

Synergistic activation of genes promoting invasiveness by dual deprivation in oxygen and nutrients

International audienceBy depriving cancer cells of blood supplies of oxygen and nutrients, anti-angiogenic therapy is aimed at simultaneously asphyxiating and starving the cells. But in spite of its apparent logic, this strategy is generally counterproductive over the long term as the treatment seems to elicit malignancy. Since a defect of blood supply is expected to deprive tumours simultaneously of oxygen and nutrients naturally, we examine here these two deprivations, alone or in combination, on the phenotype and signalling pathways of moderately aggressive MCF7 cancer cells. Each deprivation induces some aspects of the aggressive and migratory phenotypes through activating several pathways, including HIF1-alpha as expected, but also SRF/MRTFA and TCF4/beta-catenin. Strikingly, the dual deprivation has strong cooperative effects on the upregulation of genes increasing the metastatic potential, such as four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) and HIF1A-AS2 lncRNA, which have response elements for both pathways. Using anti-angiogenic agents as monotherapy is therefore questionable as it may give falsely promising short-term tumour regression, but could ultimately exacerbate aggressive phenotypes

The basal level of gene expression associated with chromatin loosening shapes Waddington landscapes and controls cell differentiation

International audienc

Envisioning metastasis as a transdifferentiation phenomenon clarifies discordant results on cancer

International audienceCancer is generally conceived as a dedifferentiation process in which quiescent post-mitotic differentiated cells acquire stem-like properties and the capacity to proliferate. This view holds for the initial stages of carcinogenesis but is more questionable for advanced stages when the cells can transdifferentiate into the contractile phenotype associated to migration and metastasis. Singularly from this perspective, the hallmark of the most aggressive cancers would correspond to a genuine differentiation status, even if it is different from the original one. This seeming paradox could help reconciling discrepancies in the literature about the pro-or anti-tumoral functions of candidate molecules involved in cancer and whose actual effects depend on the tumoral grade. These ambiguities which are likely to concern a myriad of molecules and pathways, are illustrated here with the selected examples of chromatin epigenetics and myocardin-related transcription factors, using the human MCF10A and MCF7 breast cancer cells. Self-renewing stem like cells are characterized by a loose chromatin with low levels of the H3K9 trimetylation, but high levels of this mark can also appear in cancer cells acquiring a contractile-type differentiation state associated to metastasis. Similarly, the myocardin-related transcription factor MRTF-A is involved in metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, whereas this factor is naturally enriched in the quiescent cells which are precisely the most resistant to cancer: cardiomyocytes. These seeming paradoxes reflect the bistable epigenetic landscape of cancer in which dedifferentiated self-renewing and differentiated migrating states are incompatible at the single cell level, though coexisting at the population level. © 2016-IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved

Hypoxia and ER alpha Transcriptional Crosstalk Is Associated with Endocrine Resistance in Breast Cancer

International audienceEstrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha) is the driving transcription factor in 70% of breast cancers and its activity is associated with hormone dependent tumor cell proliferation and survival. Given the recurrence of hormone resistant relapses, understanding the etiological factors fueling resistance is of major clinical interest. Hypoxia, a frequent feature of the solid tumor microenvironment, has been described to promote endocrine resistance by triggering ER alpha down-regulation in both in vitro and in vivo models. Yet, the consequences of hypoxia on ER alpha genomic activity remain largely elusive. In the present study, transcriptomic analysis shows that hypoxia regulates a fraction of ER alpha target genes, underlying an important regulatory overlap between hypoxic and estrogenic signaling. This gene expression reprogramming is associated with a massive reorganization of ER alpha cistrome, highlighted by a massive loss of ER alpha binding sites. Profiling of enhancer acetylation revealed a hormone independent enhancer activation at the vicinity of genes harboring hypoxia inducible factor (HIF alpha) binding sites, the major transcription factors governing hypoxic adaptation. This activation counterbalances the loss of ER alpha and sustains hormone-independent gene expression. We describe hypoxia in luminal ER alpha (+) breast cancer as a key factor interfering with endocrine therapies, associated with poor clinical prognosis in breast cancer patients

Nuclear translocation of MRTFA in MCF7 breast cancer cells shifts ERα nuclear/genomic to extra-nuclear/non genomic actions

International audienceThe Myocardin-related transcription factor A [MRTFA, also known as Megakaryoblastic Leukemia 1 (MKL1))] is a major actor in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). We have previously shown that activation and nuclear accumulation of MRTFA mediate endocrine resistance of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positive breast cancers by initiating a partial transition from luminal to basal-like phenotype and impairing ERα cistrome and transcriptome. In the present study, we deepen our understanding of the mechanism by monitoring functional changes in the receptor’s activity. We demonstrate that MRTFA nuclear accumulation down-regulates the expression of the unliganded (Apo-)ERα and causes a redistribution of the protein localization from its normal nuclear place to the entire cell volume. This phenomenon is accompanied by a shift in Apo-ERα monomer/dimer ratio towards the monomeric state, leading to significant functional consequences on ERα activities. In particular, the association of Apo-ERα with chromatin is drastically decreased, and the remaining ERα binding sites are substantially less enriched in ERE motifs than in control conditions. Monitored by proximity Ligation Assay, ERα interactions with P160 family coactivators are partly impacted when MRTFA accumulates in the nucleus, and those with SMRT and NCOR1 corepressors are abolished. Finally, ERα interactions with kinases such as c-src and PI3K are increased, thereby enhancing MAP Kinase and AKT activities. In conclusion, the activation and nuclear accumulation of MRTFA in ERα positive breast cancer cells remodels both ERα location and functions by shifting its activity from nuclear genome regulation to extra-nuclear non-genomic signaling

Nuclear accumulation of MKL1 in luminal breast cancer cells impairs genomic activity of ERα and is associated with endocrine resistance

International audienceEstrogen receptor (ERα) is central in driving the development of hormone-dependent breast cancers. A major challenge in treating these cancers is to understand and overcome endocrine resistance. The Megakaryoblastic Leukemia 1 (MKL1, MRTFA) protein is a master regulator of actin dynamic and cellular motile functions, whose nuclear translocation favors epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We previously demonstrated that nuclear accumulation of MKL1 in estrogen-responsive breast cancer cell lines promotes hormonal escape. In the present study, we confirm through tissue microarray analysis that nuclear immunostaining of MKL1 is associated with endocrine resistance in a cohort of breast cancers and we decipher the underlining mechanisms using cell line models. We show through gene expression microarray analysis that the nuclear accumulation of MKL1 induces dedifferentiation leading to a mixed luminal/basal phenotype and suppresses estrogen-mediated control of gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of DNA coupled to high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) shows a profound reprogramming in ERα cistrome associated with a massive loss of ERα binding sites (ERBSs) generally associated with lower ERα-binding levels. Novel ERBSs appear to be associated with EGF and RAS signaling pathways. Collectively, these results highlight a major role of MKL1 in the loss of ERα transcriptional activity observed in certain cases of endocrine resistances, thereby contributing to breast tumor cells malignancy