Conceptualizing and Contextualizing Underdevelopment

This paper conceptualizes and contextualizes underdevelopment. Methodologically the paper argues that underdevelopment in the third world nations resulted from the negative effects of colonialism and neo-colonialism ie exploitation of their mineral resources, unequal terms trade, imposition of foreign rule and dubious activities of multinational corporations. The paper also argues that the adoption of adjustment programmes by the third world nations has contributed immensely to their underdevelopment. However, the paper holds the view that there are internal dimensions to development of underdevelopment in the third world nations ie widespread corruption, prebendalism, personalization of power, poor leadership and lack of good institutions to discharge social responsibilities efficiently and effectively. The paper concludes that unless corruption is being controlled to the bearest minimum, good leadership installed and exploitative tendencies of international capitalist system controlled through a regulated capitalism third world nations would continue to be underdeveloped. Keywords: Underdevelopment, Colonialism, Neocolonialism, SAP et

Evaluation of slurry formulations for processing of kilishi of bony tongue (Heterotis niloticus, Cuvier)

The kilishi of Heterotis niloticus was produced for determination of appropriate slurry formulations for fish kilishi preparation. Thirty six freshly caught samples of H. niloticus with average weight of 306.20 ~c 18.33g, kilishi of this species was prepared with three different slurry formulations of high (F1), medium (F2) and low (F3) proportions of groundnut dough to spice mixture in the ratio of 1.3: 1.0, 1.0: 1.2 and 1.0: 1.8, respectively. Results of proximate composition indicated that kilishi of the H. niloticus prepared with formulation 3 (F3) recorded significantly higher (p<0.05) protein content (54.22 ~c 0.01 %) and lower lipid content (8.00 ~c 0.00%), despite recording significantly higher (p<0.05) moisture content (9.93 ~c 0.07%). Sensory score of kilishi of H. niloticus processed with F3 formulation rated significantly higher (p<0.05) for taste, flavour and general acceptability with mean scores of 5.94 ~c 0.21,5.77 ~c 0.20 and 5.50 ~c 0.22, respectively. It could be concluded that kilishi of H. niloticus prepared with F3 formulation was the most acceptable hence, recommended for use in kilishi production

Cold- Process Synthesis and Properties of Soaps Prepared from Different Triacylglycerol Sources

This study was conducted to find out how different fats and oils produce soaps of different characteristics. It describes cold-process saponification using different fats and oils. Shea nut oil (SAP value:183.9mgKOH/g), groundnut oil (SAP value:187.7mgKOH/g) and Tallow (SAP value:140.3mgKOH/g) were used. Colour, texture, lathering and cleansing power of the prepared soaps were analyzed. shea butter soap had the best lathering capacity. The groundnut oil soap had the most effective cleaning power .The soaps were also recommended for household use .This activity was also provided to share a delight in chemistry with senior school students and to actively engage them in hands-on-active learning

Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in HIV Patients taking Anti-Retroviral Therapy, Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chennai

INTRODUCTION: A variety of metabolic disorders are seen in the context of HIV infection. Between 33% and 75% of patients with HIV infection receiving antiretroviral therapy develop metabolic syndrome. They may develop at any time from ~6 weeks to several years after the initiation of HAART. This study will help us know the current scenario of diabetes mellitus among anti-retroviral therapy recipients in Tamilnadu. OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in HIV patients taking anti-retro viral therapy and to compare the prevalence in different ART regimens and according to the duration of anti-retro viral therapy. RESULTS: Of the study population (n=120), 40.8% were in the age group of 31-40 years. 9.3% received protease inhibitor containing regimen. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 25%. 14.2% were hypertensives; 58.3% had elevated levels of serum triglycerides. CONCLUSION: The length of time an HIV-infected patient is on HAART regimen significantly increased the risk of obesity, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Hence periodic monitoring of metabolic parameters is mandatory

Effectiveness of Foot Reflexology for Reduction of Physiological and Psychological Symptoms among Adult Patients with Cancer in International Cancer Centre Neyyoor at Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu

INTRODUCTIONS: Cancer is a group of more than 200 diseases characterized by controlled and unregulated growth of cells. It is a major health problem that occurs in people of all ethnicities. Cancer incidence overall is higher in women than in men in India. The gender difference incidence and death rates are higher for some types of cancer like head neck, breast and lung. Cancer encompasses a broad range of diseases of multiple causes that can arise in any cell of the body capable of envading regulatory control over proliferation and differentiation. Statement of the Problem An experimental study to assess the effectiveness of foot reflexology for reduction of physiological and psychological symptoms among adult patients with cancer in International Cancer Centre, Neyyoor, at Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu. OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the physiological and psychological symptoms of adult patients with cancer in experimental and control group before and after foot reflexology. 2. To determine the effectiveness of foot reflexology among adult patients with cancer by comparing the physiological and psychological symptoms between experimental and control group of patients with cancer before and after foot reflexology. 3. To assess the correlation between the physiological and psychological symptoms of adult patients with cancer before and after foot reflexology among experimental and control group of patients. 4. To find out the association between the demographic variables and level of physiological and psychological symptoms of adult patients with cancer among experimental and control group before foot reflexology. 5. To find out the association between the clinical variables and level of physiological and psychological symptoms of adult patients with cancer among experimental and control group before foot reflexology. 6. To determine the level of satisfaction regarding foot reflexology among experimental group of adult patients with cancer. Research HYPOTHESES: H1: There will be a significant difference in physiological symptoms between the experimental and control group of patients with cancer before and after foot reflexology. H2: There will be a significant difference in psychological symptoms between the experimental and control group of patients with cancer before and after foot reflexology. H3: There will be a significant relationship between the level of physiological and psychological symptoms of experimental and control group of patients with cancer before and after foot reflexology. H4: There will be a significant association between the demographic variables and physiological symptoms in experimental and control group of patients with cancer before foot reflexology. H5: There will be a significant association between t he demographic variables and psychological symptoms in experimental and control group of patients with cancer before foot reflexology. H6: There will be a significant association between the clinical variables and physiological symptoms of experimental and control group of patients with cancer before foot reflexology. H7: There will be a significant association between the clinical variables and psychological symptoms of experimental and control group of patients with cancer before foot reflexology. The conceptual framework for the study was developed on the basis of Lydia Hall Care, Core and Cure Model, which has been modified for the present study. An experimental research design was undertaken for the study. The independent variable was the foot reflexology and the dependent variable was physiological (pain, nausea and vomiting) and psychological (depression and anxiety) symptoms. The samples for the study were 250 adult patients with cancer, 125 in an experimental group and 125 in control group. Random sampling technique was utilized to select the samples. The investigator first randomly selected the wards and from the hospital and all those wards two groups were selected for the study. Patients were also selected by random sampling technique. The data collection instrument was Demo graphic Proforma, Clinical Proforma, and Numerical Pain Rating scale, Modified Rhodes Nausea Vomiting Index, Modified Major Depression Inventory and Modified State Trait Anxiety Scale. The data collection tools were validated and reliability was established. The data were collected after obtaining ethical clearance, setting permission and consent of the research participant. The study was conducted at International Cancer Centre, Neyyor. The viability for research was assessed by conducti ng pilot study. Foot reflexology was applied for 15 minutes to each foot, a total of 30 minutes daily up to 10 days for each patient and this was implemented by the investigator. The tools were administered to the adult patients with cancer and the data obtained were analysed in terms of both descriptive and inferential statistics. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: • In the assessment of physiological symptom (pain) among adult patients with cancer in experimental group it was found that, in the pretest 125 (100%) patients had mild pain and in the post test 1 majority 123 (98.4%) had mild pain and in the post test 2 most of the patients 86 (68.8%) had no pain. While assessing pain in the control group, it was observed that in the pre test, post test 1 and post test 2 all the cancer patients 125 (100%), 125 (100%), and 125 (100%), in pre test, post test 1 and post test 2 had mild pain. • Regarding the physiological symptom (nausea and vomiting), in the pre test majority 69 (55.2%) had profound nausea and vomiting in post test 1, 72 (57.6%) had moderate nausea and vomiting and in post test 2, 123 (98.4%) had mild nausea and vomiting, among the experimental group. In the control group most of the patients with cancer in the pre test, 7 1 (56.8%), post test 1, 71 (56.8%) and in post test 2, 70 (56.8%) had profound nausea and vomiting. • As for as the psychological symptom (Depression), in the pre test most of the patients with cancer 92 (73.6%) had severe depression, in the post test 1, 94 (75.2%) had moderate depression and in post test 2, 124 (99.2%) had mild depression in the experimental group. In the control group majority of the patients with cancer in the pre test 92 (73.6%), post test 1, 92 (73.6%) and in post test 2, 70 (56%) had severe depression. • While assessing the psychological symptom (anxiety) in the experimental group, in the pre test majority, 82 (65.6%) had severe anxiety, in post test 1, 112 (89.6%) had mild anxiety and in post test 2, 12 3 (98.4%) had mild anxiety, whereas in the control group, in the pre test 88 (7 0.4%) had severe anxiety, in post test 1, 91 (72.8%) had severe anxiety and in post test 2, 91 (72.8%) had severe anxiety. • It is evident from the findings of the study revealed that the mean score of physiological symptom in the experimental group pre test was 2.5 with SD = 0.6. After administration of foot reflexology post test 1 mean score was 1.5 with SD 0.5 and post test 2 mean score was 0.3 with SD 0.5. The mean difference with standard deviation of pre test to post rest 1, post test 1 to post test 2 and pre test to post test 2 were 1, SD = 0.3 , 1.2, SD = 0.5 and 2.1, SD = 0.5 respectively. The paired ‘t’ test values were t = 40.29, t = 27.606, t = 43.904 and this is greater than the table value at p<0.001. This reveals that there is a high significance difference in post test 2 than post test 1 and pre test. In the control group there is no significant difference between pre test, post test 1 and post test 2. • The findings of the study revealed that the mean score of physiological symptom (nausea and vomiting) in the experimental group pre test was 25.8, SD = 4.3. After administration of foot reflexology in post test 1, mean score was 12.2 with SD 4.0 and in post test 2, mean score was 3.9 with SD 2.6. The mean difference from pre test to post test 1, post test 1 to post test 2 and pre test to post test 2 were 13.6 with SD 3.0, 8.3 with 2.8 and 21.9 with 3.9. The paired ‘t’ test value were t = 51.251, t = 32.821 and t = 62.84 which is greater than the table value at p0.005. • The findings of the study reveal that the psychological symptom depressions, in the experimental group the pre test mean score a nd standard deviation was 37 with SD 3.3. After administration of foot reflex ology in post test 1, mean was 13.6 with SD = 1.6 and in post test 2, mean score was 4.8 with SD 1.5. The mean difference from pre test to post test 1, post test 1 to post test 2 and pre test to post test 2, 23.3, SD = 2.8, 8.8, SD = 1.6 and 3 2.2, SD = 3.2. The paired ‘t’ test values were t = 95.529, t = 61.4 and t = 112.6 72, which is greater than the table value at P0.05. • In is evident from the findings of the study that t he psychological symptom (anxiety) in the experimental group in the pre test mean score was 62.5 with SD 3.6 and after the administration of foot reflexology, the post test 1 mean score was 37.6 with SD 3.0 and in post test 2 mean score was 34.9 with SD 2.6. The mean difference of pre test to post test 1, post test 1 to post test 2, pre test to post test 2 were 24.9 with SD 3.8, 2.7 with SD = 2.2 27.6 with SD 4.2 and the paired test ‘t’ values were t = 73.35, t = 13.6 75 and t = 73.243 which is greater than the table value at p<0.001. Thus reveals that there was a very highly significant difference between post test 2, post test 1 and pre test. In the control group there was no significant difference between pre test 1 post test 1 and post test 2 at P<0.05. • It is evident from the study that foot reflexology had a significant reduction of physiological and psychological symptom in the experimental group at P<0.001 level. • The finding of the study reveals that, while correlating the physiological symptoms (pain, nausea and vomiting), in the experimental group the pre test scores shows negative correlation and in post test 1 and post test 2 shows positive correlation. In control group there was negative correlation in the pre test, post test 1 and post test 2. • The findings of the study shows that while correlating the psychological symptom (Depression and anxiety) in the pre test experimental and control group shows negative correlation. The post test 1 a nd post test 2 of experimental group shows positive correlation where as control group shows negative correlation. • There is an association between physiological symptom (pain) and demographic variables such as gender, occupation an d hobbies in the experimental group at p<0.05 levels. The other variables such as age, religion, marital status, educational status, income and type of family did not show association in the experimental group and physiological symptom (pain). • There is a significant association between physiological symptoms (nausea and vomiting) and selected demographic variables like g ender, marital status. The other variables like age, religion, educational status, income, types of family, occupation and hobbies did not show any significant association in the experimental group and physiological symptom (nausea and vomiting). • There is an association between psychological symptom (depression) and demographic variables such as occupation, hobbies a nd other variables like age, gender, religion, marital status, educational status, income and type of family in the experimental group did not show any significant association. • There is no significant association between psychological symptom (anxiety) and demographic variables like age, gender, religion, marital status, educational status, income, type of family occupation and hobbies in the experimental group. • There is a significant association between physiological symptom (pain) and selected clinical variables such as site of cancer and other variables like duration of illness, stages of cancer, duration of treatment, no of chemotherapy, no of previous hospitalization, exposure to alternative therapy and duration of exposure to alternative therapy did not show any association in the experimental group. • The findings of the study shows that there is no significant association between the physiological symptom (nausea and vomiting) and clinical variables such as site of cancer, duration of illness, stages of cancer, duration of treatment, no of chemotherapy, no of previous hospitalization, exposure to alternative therapy and duration of exposure to alternative therapy in the experimental and control group. • It is proved from the study findings there was no significant association between psychological symptom (depression) and clinical variables such as site of cancer, duration of illness, stages of cancer, duration of treatment, no chemotherapy, no of previous hospitalization, exposure to alternative therapy and duration of exposure to alternative therapy in the experimental and control group. The findings of the study revealed that there was n o significant association between psychological symptom (anxiety) and clinical variables such as site of cancer, duration of treatment, no of chemotherapy, no of previous hospitalization, exposure to alternative therapy and duration of exposure to alternative therapy in the experimental had control group. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the foot reflexology was an effective intervention for reducing physiological and psychological symptoms .Hence the foot reflexology had a significant effect on reducing physiological (pain, nausea and vomiting) and psychological (depression and anxiety) symptoms among cancer patients in the experimental group. Hence there was a statistical significant difference in the scores of pre test. Post test 1 and post test 2 in experimental and control group. So the hypotheses earlier framed was partially accepted by the investigator there by concluding that the foot reflexology was very effective in reducing physiological and psycho logical symptoms of cancer patients

İlköğretime erişimin mekansal bir analizi

Geographic information systems (GIS) have started to be used in developing information to be used for national and regional development in many areas; however, the use of this system for educational planning has been under-researched. Adopting the case study design, this study evaluated the current locations of primary schools in Afyonkarahisar and offered alternative locations in order to improve access to primary education for the schoolaged population using heuristic location-allocation modelling approaches. An intelligent areal interpolation approach was performed to generate the population surface. The demand surface was used as input to a location-allocation analysis, and alternative locations were suggested. With the current distribution of primary schools, the primary school-aged population would have to travel an average distance of 1466.81m to access primary education. The results show that alternative primary school locations decreased the average travel distance by 339.69m, improving overall accessibility to primary schools. The results suggest that geospatial methods can be used to provide documentary evidence to support education planners and policymakers.Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) birçok alanda ulusal ve bölgesel kalkınma için kullanılacak bilgilerin geliştirilmesinde kullanılmaya başlanmış; ancak bu sistemin eğitim planlaması için kullanımı yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Durum çalışması deseni kullanılarak bu çalışmada, Afyonkarahisar merkez ilçesinde yer alan ilkokulların mevcut konumları değerlendirilmiş ve buluşsal konum tahsis modelleme yaklaşımlarını kullanarak okul çağındaki nüfusun ilköğretime erişimini iyileştirmek için alternatif konumlar sunulmuştur. İlköğretim çağındaki nüfusun dağılışını oluşturmak için mekânsal enterpolasyon yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Okullara olan talep yüzeyi, yeni bir yer tahsisi analizinde girdi olarak kullanılmış ve yeni okullar için alternatif lokasyonlar önerilmiştir. İlkokulların mevcut konumuna göre, ilköğretim çağındaki öğrencilerin okullarına erişmek için ortalama 1466,81m mesafe kat etmesi gerekmektedir. Uygulanan konum tahsis model sonuçları, alternatif ilkokul lokasyonlarının ortalama erişim mesafesini 339,69m azalttığını ve okullara genel erişilebilirliği iyileştirdiğini göstermektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, jeo-uzamsal yöntemlerin eğitim planlayıcıları ve politika yapıcıları desteklemek için belgesel kanıt niteliğinde kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir

Production potential of rubberwood in Malaysia: Its economic challenges

Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) has emerged as the most important source of wood raw material in Malaysia. Being a plantation crop, it is regarded as a green and environmental-friendly material that has found applications in almost all sectors of the wood industry. Despite its importance as a socio-economic sector, the future of the rubberwood industry in Malaysia is under scrutiny. The steadily declining rubber cultivation area in the country is raising alarms about the future supply of rubberwood. Although the government provides a replanting subsidy for smallholders, who make up the large proportion of the growers, there is an urgent need to enhance the profitability of rubber growing activities. Efforts to enhance the full recovery of wood biomass available and also expanding the use of rubberwood in high value applications must be pursued rigorously, to arrest the declining interests in rubber cultivation. Policy makers must ensure that rubber cultivation remains economical and the net value of rubberwood is further enhanced through application in non-traditional sectors