THE MAIN TRENDS IN LOAN BRIEFCASE QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF LATVIAN BANK SECTOR IN 2004 – 2011

The main aim of bank sector is to stimulate the development of national economy. During the economic growth period in Latvia the quantity of loans has been increased substantially because of finance organizations, that gave loans to the majority of groups of people and organizations without any justification. As a result in the beginning of year 2008, when economic recession started to widen, state and finance sector faced huge problems with timely loan repayment. Due to learning from economic crisis, the participants of market started to take into account and to examine the quality of loan briefcase, which influences the results of operational activities of every credit organization. Because of credit policy changes the effect of quality of loan briefcase on working processes of finance sector has been reduced. As a result the new methods and concepts have been evolved, providing assistance in effective management and control of the loan briefcase quality of bank sector

Anisotropic de Gennes narrowing in confined fluids

The collective diffusion of dense fluids in spatial confinement was studied by combining high-energy (21 keV) x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and small-angle x-ray scattering from colloid-filled microfluidic channels. We found the structural relaxation in confinement to be slower compared to bulk. The collective dynamics is wave vector dependent, akin to de Gennes narrowing typically observed in bulk fluids. However, in stark contrast to bulk, the structure factor and de Gennes narrowing in confinement are anisotropic. These experimental observations are essential in order to develop a microscopic theoretical description of collective diffusion of dense fluids in confined geometries.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Phys Rev Let

“EVERYTHING STARTS HERE…”: REZHITSK–PSKOV ORIGINS OF THECREATIVE PERSONALITY OF YURY TYNIANOV

Yury Tynyanov is an outstanding scientist, writer, translator, one of the founders of the formal school in literary criticism. The article is devoted to the role of two cities – Rēzekne and Pskov – in the destiny of Tynyanov. These are place, where the writer spent his childhood and youth. Kaverin’s statement refers to both cities: “Tynyanov paid attention to his childhood, which was following him slowly but steadily.”Tynyanov’s memoirs, reminiscences of his friends and contemporaries provide an interesting material for analysis. Child’s impressions are reflected in writer’s autobiography. It is connected with daily life of Rezhitsa (Rēzekne) and its inhabitants. Primarily, author’s attention was drawn to people – the representatives of different nationalities and social stratums, who retained their cultural traditions and mode of life: “The town was small, hilly and very different.On the hill there were the ruins of Livonian castle, Jewish alleys were below, and beyond the river there was a schismatic skit. At the same time there lived Jews, Belarusians, Great Russians and Latvians, and there were several centuries and countries. Old Believers were like Surikov archers. In the skit there was celebrated a wedding on rabid horses.Russian people of the 17th century were walking there; old men were wearing long coats, wide-brimmed hats; beards were like sharp, long icicles. Drunkenness was archaic and often ended up with riding.”Tynyanov strived to understand thoughts, characters and essence of people. Drawing portraits of townspeople from memory, the writer noted some details, which are important for understanding human’s nature. These descriptions can be called psychological.With such a desire to cognize human’s soul it is no wonder that little Tynyanov mostly was interested in people, who were out of the crowd, standing below the norm not only socially, but also psychologically. Rezhitsa gave him amazing material for observation: “There were a lot of crazy and eccentric people in the town. They amused everyone. One young Jew stamped his feet in front of the photoshop’s showcase which he stared at, yelling: “My dear, look straight at me!” A crazy woman was driving a brood of her children – they grew in number from year to year. Went without Karamazov.”Tynyanov described a lot of astonishing people, remembering his hometown. He remembered the names of many of them: Kolia Topolev, who wasted all money on cabs and became a tramp, Mishka Posadskii – terrible, one-handed, looked like a cautious, confident beast of unknown breed, and Crazy Nikolay – so exact that hostess checked on him, whether it is time to start preparing porridge.From his childhood’s observations Tynyanov began his way to become one of the most extraordinary researchers and a peerless writer. He had an amazing ability to take the shape of another person like an actor. He could see what he feels, what he is thinking about and what the matters of his behaviour are. He could become this person for a while, whether it is tramp or Pushkin himself or Griboyedov. Taking into consideration the fact, which can be observed in reality or taken from a historical document, Tynyanov was able to go further, to go under the surface, to feel intuitively the condition of a person. He formulated his method this way: “I start where the document ends.”The role of Pskov in Tynyanov’s life has also played a significant role, because places had always had a great impact on the writer and had shaped the identity, future, as well as the literary taste of the philologist. In Pskov, during the years of studying at school, Tynyanov gained his first friends, began to learn Russian and foreign literature. Everyday life of the city itself, i. e., its weekdays and holidays influenced the philologist’s future: “Since that time I got to know Russian province.” A particular attention in the autobiography is paid to prisons and convicts, but still the determining factor in the perception of the city is an amazing atmosphere of intellectual and artistic freedom

Surface-plasmon wave at the planar interface of a metal film and a structurally chiral medium

The solution of a boundary-value problem formulated for a modified Kretschmann configuration shows that a surface-plasmon wave can be excited at the planar interface of a sufficiently thin metal film and a nondissipative structurally chiral medium, provided the exciting plane wave is p-polarized. An estimate of the wavenumber of the surface-plasmon wave also emerges thereby

Sub-pixel correlation length neutron imaging:Spatially resolved scattering information of microstructures on a macroscopic scale

Neutron imaging and scattering give data of significantly different nature and traditional methods leave a gap of accessible structure sizes at around 10 micrometers. Only in recent years overlap in the probed size ranges could be achieved by independent application of high resolution scattering and imaging methods, however without providing full structural information when microstructures vary on a macroscopic scale. In this study we show how quantitative neutron dark-field imaging with a novel experimental approach provides both sub-pixel resolution with respect to microscopic correlation lengths and imaging of macroscopic variations of the microstructure. Thus it provides combined information on multiple length scales. A dispersion of micrometer sized polystyrene colloids was chosen as a model system to study gravity induced crystallisation of microspheres on a macro scale, including the identification of ordered as well as unordered phases. Our results pave the way to study heterogeneous systems locally in a previously impossible manner.ISSN:2045-232

Dual phase grating interferometer for tunable dark-field sensitivity

Hard X-ray dark-field and phase contrast imaging using grating interferometry have shown great potential for medical and industrial applications. However, the wide spread applicability of the method is challenged by a number of technical related issues such as relatively low dose and flux efficiency due to the absorption grating, fabrication of high quality absorption gratings, slow data acquisition protocol and high mechanical stability requirements. In this paper, the authors propose an interferometric method for dark-field and differential phase contrast imaging based on phase shifting elements only with the purpose to improve the dose and flux efficiency and simplify the setup. The proposed interferometer consists of two identical phase gratings of small pitch (1.3 μm), which generate an interference fringe at the detector plane with a large enough pitch that can be resolved directly. In particular, the system exhibits flexible and tunable dark-field sensitivity which is advantageous to probe unresolvable micro-structure in the sample. Experiments on a micro focal tube validated the method and demonstrated the versatility and tunability of the system compared to conventional Talbot grating interferometer

High sensitivity X-ray phase contrast imaging by laboratory grating-based interferometry at high Talbot order geometry

X-ray phase contrast imaging is a powerful analysis technique for materials science and biomedicine. Here, we report on laboratory grating-based X-ray interferometry employing a microfocus X-ray source and a high Talbot order (35th) asymmetric geometry to achieve high angular sensitivity and high spatial resolution X-ray phase contrast imaging in a compact system (total length <1 m). The detection of very small refractive angles (∼50 nrad) at an interferometer design energy of 19 keV was enabled by combining small period X-ray gratings (1.0, 1.5 and 3.0 µm) and a single-photon counting X-ray detector (75 µm pixel size). The performance of the X-ray interferometer was fully characterized in terms of angular sensitivity and spatial resolution. Finally, the potential of laboratory X-ray phase contrast for biomedical imaging is demonstrated by obtaining high resolution X-ray phase tomographies of a mouse embryo embedded in solid paraffin and a formalin-fixed full-thickness sample of human left ventricle in water with a spatial resolution of 21.5 µm