Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in \u3ci\u3eCalosoma Calidum\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, \u3ci\u3eLymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)\u3c/i\u3e in the Midwest

Four feeding treatments were used in the laboratory to study the effects of the availability of prey on diurnal behavior and ovarian development of Calosoma calidum. Activity was closely monitored for six weeks. No significant differences were found between male and female behavior patterns. Diurnal beetle activity was found to be inversely related to prey density; in treatments where prey was available, diurnal activity declined during the course of the experiment. At the end of six weeks, dissections of female beetles showed that ovarian development and fat body quantity were dependent upon the number of prey available for consumption

The introduction of a model of statistical data matrices encompassing original variate population methodologies

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the history, rationale, and sources of confusion of existing models and definitions of two and three dimensional statistical data matrices, and to lay a foundation for the acceptance of a standard model by suggesting clear definitions, recommendations, and modifications for a more robust model of statistical data matrices. Methods: The methodology used was documentary research concerning statistical data matrix models, an insight into the problems of these, and innovation in the introduction of a modified model. Findings: 1. A major source of confusion in the field of data matrices is the lack of standard definitions for basic concepts. 2. A major cause of the lack of standard definitions of data matrices was a transition in the definition of Q technique by its strongest proponent, William Stephenson, and his failure to acknowledge this transition. (a) The lack of a standard definition of Q contributed to the controversy of whether or not R technique and Q technique may exist in one and the same matrix. By using Stephenson’s original definition of Q, R and Q may exist in the same matrix; by using Stephenson’s revised definition of Q, restricting Q to a population of statements, R and Q may not exist in the same matrix. (b) Although Stephenson claimed to have divided the six techniques of Raymond Cattell into two methodologies, the properties of the techniques were not consistent within each methodology. Stephenson’s revised definition of Q contributed to the inconsistencies of the properties between the technique within each methodology. 3. Stephenson’s transition was precipitated by the reciprocity principle of Sir Cyril Burt. 4. Measurement scales may be unique to a variate or common at least two variates. 5. In terms of Cattell’s techniques four equivalent descriptions exist for any re-standardization. Recommendations: 1. Cattell’s six techniques should be divided into three methodologies grouped according to the dimension of the original variate population sampled. The three original methodologies were designated as follows: (a) PPV- - the statistical analysis of person population variates; (b) APV- - the statistical analysis of attribute population variates; and (c) OPV- - the statistical analysis of occasion population variates, respectively. 2. The basis of each methodology would not be the two variates of analysis, as in Cattell’s techniques, but rather the population of the individual original variate. 3. The properties of measurement scale, conduciveness to a Sort, and population are consistent within each population methodology. 4. Different population methodologies may exist in the same matrix without re-standardization if common scaling exists through each dimension. 5. Although in terms of Cattell’s techniques four equivalent descriptions exist for any re-standardization, a re-standardization can be expressed in but one manner in the original population model. 6. Re-standardization should be clearly distinguished in terms of its original and resulting variate populations. 7. In the case of an APV Sort, an additional axis was found necessary for the population of instructions. An additional designation, IPV, the statistical analysis of instruction population variates, can only be the result of re-standardization from a previous APV Sort

The supply chain of violence

Every year, more people are killed defending the environment than are soldiers from the United Kingdom and Australia on overseas deployments in war zones combined. During the last 15 years, the number of both deaths of environmental defenders, and the countries where they occur, have increased. Recorded deaths have increased from two per week to four per week over this period. These deaths are primarily related to conflict over natural resources, across a range of sectors. Of 683 total deaths, >230 were related to mining and agribusiness between 2014 and 2017. We find that rule of law and corruption indices are closely linked to patterns of killings. Using spatial data, we investigate the drivers of these conflicts and violence and seek to identify who may be most at risk and why. We argue that businesses, investors and national governments at both ends of the chain of violence need to be more accountable

Luxurious Surfaces: Chinese Decorative Arts from the 15th to the Early 20th Century

Luxurious Surfaces: Chinese Decorative Arts from the Fifteenth to the Early Twentieth Century is a highly anticipated exhibition that highlights student learning in the art history program. The curators, William Caterham ’20, Ashley Jeffords ’20, Merlyn Maldonado Lopez ’22, Sarah Paul ’22, James Raphaelson ’21, Megan Reimer ’22, Shannon Zeltmann ’21 and Tianrun Zhao ’20, are students enrolled in the Art History Method class in Fall 2019. The exhibition examines the quintessential characteristics and the meaning of Chinese decorative arts embedded in the luxurious surfaces of sixteen carefully selected works from Gettysburg College’s Asian Art Collection.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/artcatalogs/1032/thumbnail.jp

Young girls embodied experiences of femininity and social class

Based on research with middle-upper class 12-13 year old school girls, we discuss how femininities were embodied and discursively reconstructed in class-based ways. The data suggests the girls understood class antagonisms within the boundaries of neoliberal discourses of responsibilisation, self-discipline, self-worth, and ‘proper’ conduct and choices. With class stripped of any structural or structuring properties, instead imparted to the fleshy sinews of the (excessive) body, the data reveals how social class was made visible and manifest in various mechanisms of, and meanings about, inclusion, exclusion, pathology and ‘normalisation.’ Thus, in explicating the ways in which the school girls embodied middle-class femininity (as the epitome of localised and everyday neoliberalism) we highlight how, in turn, ‘others’ (‘chavs’) were pathologised and deemed in need of regulation, management and governance

Insects as Indicators of Habitat Quality, Ecological Integrity and Restoration Success in Illinois Prairies, Savannas and Woodlands

The typical methods that ecologists use for assessing habitat quality involves calculating quality based on primarily floristic data. This is true of evaluation of habitats in Illinois – although new methods have become available for assessing habitats based on other taxa. These alternative methods are often not in widespread use, especially in Illinois, and consist of using invertebrate indicator taxa to assess the ecological integrity of prairies, savannas, and woodlands (aquatic invertebrate survey tend to be more commonly used). There is a large diversity of invertebrates for which we have information on the life history, seasonality, and diet that live in these unique habitats. Critically, these organisms are often sensitive to environmental change and habitat fragmentation. Insects in particular can thus be valuable indicators of habitat quality and ecosystem integrity. For this study, we chose to look at four groups of insects as indicators, based on their life history, ease of identification, and knowledge of the co-authors. These groups are well represented in grassland biomes and include: (1) grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea); (2) butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera); (3) cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea); and (4) tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). By looking at both the abundance and species diversity at a given site for each of these groups, we hoped to develop tools that would allow land managers to utilize these taxa as indicators of high quality prairie. This is not an entirely novel pursuit, grasshoppers and butterflies have consistently been shown to represent other invertebrate and plant taxa effectively in grasslands worldwide. Through this study we have developed a butterfly quality index tool for assessing sites. The taxa examined by our group also often rely on habitat quality that cannot be assessed by floristic data alone, for this we have gathered data on habitat heterogeneity.Illinois Department of Natural Resources, State Wildlife Grant Project Number T-92-R-1unpublishednot peer reviewedOpe

Sex and the Cinema: What American Pie Teaches the Young

This paper focuses upon the wildly successful blockbuster American Pie teenpics, especially American Pie 3 – the Wedding. I argue that these films, which are sited so securely within the visual and pedagogical machinery of Hollywood culture, are specifically designed to appeal to teenage male audiences, and to provide lessons in sex and romance. Movies like this are especially important as they are experienced by far more teenagers than, for example, instructional films or other classroom materials; indeed, as Henry Giroux has observed, "teens and youth learn how to define themselves outside of the traditional sites of instruction, such as the home and the school… Learning in the postmodern age is located elsewhere – in popular spheres that shape their identities, through forms of knowledge and desires that appear absent from what is taught in schools" (Giroux, 1997, p.49). In this paper I discuss whether the American Pie series is actually a "new age" effort which, via insubordinate performances of gender, contests the hegemonic field of signification which regulates the production of sex, gender and desire, or whether it is more accurately described as a retrogressive hetero-conservative opus with a veneer of sexual radicalism. In short, I intend to probe whether this filmic vector for sex education is all about the shaping of responsible, caring, vulnerable men, or is it guiding them to become just like their heterosexual, middle-class fathers? And whether, despite its riotous and raunchy advertising, American Pie really dishes up something spicy or something terribly wholesome instead

The organizational construction of hegemonic masculinity: the case of the US Navy

This article examines the construction of hegemonic masculinity within the US Navy. Based on life history interviews with 27 male officers, this study explores alternative discourses and identities of officers from three different communities in the Navy: aviation, surface warfare, and the supply corps. Definitions of masculinity are relationally constructed through associations of difference: aviators tend to draw upon themes of autonomy and risk taking; surface warfare officers draw upon themes of perseverance and endurance; and supply officers draw upon themes of technical rationality. Further,these masculinities depend upon various contrasting definitions of femininity. Finally,this article explores a series of contradictions that threaten the secure construction of masculinity within this military culture