Characterization of Lifestyle inSpinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 andAssociation with Disease Severity

Background: Lifestyle could influence the course of hereditary ataxias, but representative data are missing. Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize lifestyle in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) and investigate possible associations with disease parameters. Methods: In a prospective cohort study, data on smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, physiotherapy, and body mass index (BMI) were collected from 243 patients with SCA3 and 119 controls and tested for associations with age of onset, disease severity, and progression. Results: Compared with controls, patients with SCA3 were less active and consumed less alcohol. Less physical activity and alcohol abstinence were associated with more severe disease, but not with progression rates or age of onset. Smoking, BMI, or physiotherapy did not correlate with disease parameters. Conclusion: Differences in lifestyle factors of patients with SCA3 and controls as well as associations of lifestyle factors with disease severity are likely driven by the influence of symptoms on behavior. No association between lifestyle and disease progression was detected. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder SocietyFunding agencies: This publication is an outcome of the European Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease initiative (ESMI), an EU Joint Programme–Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) project (see www.jpnd.eu). The project is supported through the following funding organizations under the aegis of JPND: Germany, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (funding codes 01ED1602A/B); The Netherlands, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development; Portugal, Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT); United Kingdom, Medical Research Council. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant 643417. At the US sites, this work was in part supported by the National Ataxia Foundation and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grant R01 NS080816. P.G. is supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre. P.G. receives also support from the North Thames Clinical Research Network (CRN). P.G. and H.G.M. work at University College London Hospitals/University College London, which receives a proportion of funding from the Department of Health’s National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme. P.G. received funding from CureSCA3 in support of H.G.M.’s work. This work was moreover supported, in part, by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) No. 441409627, as part of the Progression chart of Spastic ataxias (PROSPAX) consortium under the frame of the European Joint Programme on Rare Diseases (EJP RD), under the EJP RD COFUND-EJP N 825575 (to M.S., B.v.W,) and Grant 779257 “Solve-RD” from the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program to M.S

The frequency of non-motor symptoms in SCA3 and their association with disease severity and lifestyle factors

BACKGOUND: Non-motor symptoms (NMS) are a substantial burden for patients with SCA3. There are limited data on their frequency, and their relation with disease severity and activities of daily living is not clear. In addition, lifestyle may either influence or be affected by the occurrence of NMS. OBJECTIVE: To characterize NMS in SCA3 and investigate possible associations with disease severity and lifestyle factors. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of NMS in 227 SCA3 patients, 42 pre-ataxic mutation carriers, and 112 controls and tested for associations with SARA score, activities of daily living, and the lifestyle factors alcohol consumption, smoking and physical activity. RESULTS: Sleep disturbance, restless legs syndrome, mild cognitive impairment, depression, bladder dysfunction and pallhypesthesia were frequent among SCA3 patients, while mainly absent in pre-ataxic mutation carriers. Except for restless legs syndrome, NMS correlated significantly with disease severity and activities of daily living. Alcohol abstinence was associated with bladder dysfunction. Patients with higher physical activity showed less cognitive impairment and fewer depressive symptoms, but these differences were not significant. CONCLUSION: This study revealed a clear association between disease severity and NMS, likely driven by the progression of the widespread neurodegenerative process. Associations between lifestyle and NMS can probably be attributed to the influence of NMS on lifestyle

Neurofilaments in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: blood biomarkers at the preataxic and ataxic stage in humans and mice

With molecular treatments coming into reach for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), easily accessible, cross-species validated biomarkers for human and preclinical trials are warranted, particularly for the preataxic disease stage. We assessed serum levels of neurofilament light (NfL) and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy (pNfH) in ataxic and preataxic subjects of two independent multicentric SCA3 cohorts and in a SCA3 knock-in mouse model. Ataxic SCA3 subjects showed increased levels of both NfL and pNfH. In preataxic subjects, NfL levels increased with proximity to the individual expected onset of ataxia, with significant NfL elevations already 7.5 years before onset. Cross-sectional NfL levels correlated with both disease severity and longitudinal disease progression. Blood NfL and pNfH increases in human SCA3 were each paralleled by similar changes in SCA3 knock-in mice, here also starting already at the presymptomatic stage, closely following ataxin-3 aggregation and preceding Purkinje cell loss in the brain. Blood neurofilaments, particularly NfL, might thus provide easily accessible, cross-species validated biomarkers in both ataxic and preataxic SCA3, associated with earliest neuropathological changes, and serve as progression, proximity-to-onset and, potentially, treatment-response markers in both human and preclinical SCA3 trials.Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant 779257 Solve-RD to MS and RS), the National Ataxia Foundation (grant to CW and MS), the Wilhelm Vaillant Stiftung (grant to CW), the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) through participating national funding agencies, and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 643417. BM was supported in part from the grant NKFIH 119540. HJ was funded by the Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg. CB was funded by the University of Basel (PhD Program in Health Sciences). The funding sources had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the manuscript

From Pathways to Targets: Understanding the Mechanisms behind Polyglutamine Disease

The history of polyglutamine diseases dates back approximately 20 years to the discovery of a polyglutamine repeat in the androgen receptor of SBMA followed by the identification of similar expansion mutations in Huntington’s disease, SCA1, DRPLA, and the other spinocerebellar ataxias. This common molecular feature of polyglutamine diseases suggests shared mechanisms in disease pathology and neurodegeneration of disease specific brain regions. In this review, we discuss the main pathogenic pathways including proteolytic processing, nuclear shuttling and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and clearance of misfolded polyglutamine proteins and point out possible targets for treatment