Essai sur la croissance de l'entreprise

Essay on firm growth The study of economic aspects of firm growth has not still known such development as the same analysis has in macroeconomy. The first section of this paper describes how the major strategie variables (industriel policy, marketing policy, financial policy) influence the two components of growth : the growth of production capacity and the growth of selling capacity. The second section is devoted to the research of priee policy which maximizes growth rate. For this purpose, two models are prcsented and it is made use of optimal control theory.Essai sur la croissance de l'entreprise L'étude des aspects économiques de la croissance d'une entreprise n'a pas encore connu le développement qu'a suscité la même analyse en macroéconomie. Le présent article décrit, dans une première partie, la façon dont interviennent les décisions politiques (politique industrielle, politique commerciale, politique finan- cière) constituant la stratégie de l'entreprise dans l'évolution d'une part, de son potentiel productif et, d'autre part, de son marché. Dans une seconde partie, deux types de modèles sont décrits et utilisés pour rechercher, à l'aide des techniques de commande optimale, la politique de prix assurant la croissance (mesurée par l'évolution des fonds propres) la plus rapide de l'entreprise.Helmer Jean-Yves. Essai sur la croissance de l'entreprise. In: Revue économique, volume 24, n°2, 1973. pp. 235-272

Essai sur la croissance de l'entreprise

[eng] Essay on firm growth . . The study of economic aspects of firm growth has not still known such development as the same analysis has in macroeconomy. The first section of this paper describes how the major strategie variables (industriel policy, marketing policy, financial policy) influence the two components of growth : the growth of production capacity and the growth of selling capacity. The second section is devoted to the research of priee policy which maximizes growth rate. For this purpose, two models are prcsented and it is made use of optimal control theory. [fre] Essai sur la croissance de l'entreprise . . L'étude des aspects économiques de la croissance d'une entreprise n'a pas encore connu le développement qu'a suscité la même analyse en macroéconomie. Le présent article décrit, dans une première partie, la façon dont interviennent les décisions politiques (politique industrielle, politique commerciale, politique finan- cière) constituant la stratégie de l'entreprise dans l'évolution d'une part, de son potentiel productif et, d'autre part, de son marché. Dans une seconde partie, deux types de modèles sont décrits et utilisés pour rechercher, à l'aide des techniques de commande optimale, la politique de prix assurant la croissance (mesurée par l'évolution des fonds propres) la plus rapide de l'entreprise.

Insomnia, Daytime Sleepiness and Cardio- Cerebrovascular Diseases in the Elderly: A 6-Year Prospective Study

International audienceObjective:To examine 1) the associations between history of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) and insomnia complaints and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and 2) the relationships between sleep complaints and future CVD in persons over 65.Methods:CVD was assessed at baseline and during two, four, and six-year follow-up in 5494 non-demented subjects. Self-reported insomnia complaints (poor sleep quality, difficulty in initiating sleep, difficulty in maintening sleep, and early morning awakening), EDS and sleep medication use were evaluated at baseline. Logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazard models, with delayed entry and age of participants as the time scale, were adjusted for socio-demographic, lifestyle and clinical variables.Results:At baseline, 748 participants had a past-history of CVD. A past-history of CVD was associated with EDS (OR = 1.28 95%CI = [1.05-1.57]) and the number of insomnia complaints (OR = 1.26 95%CI = [1.03-1.55] for 1-2 insomnia complaints; OR = 1.32 95%CI = [1.03-1.71] for $3 complaints). In longitudinal analyses, neither the four components of insomnia nor the number of insomnia complaints were significantly associated with first or recurrent CVD events (n = 391 events). EDS was independently associated with future CVD events even after adjusting for prescribed sleep medication and past-history of CVD (HR = 1.35 95%CI = [1.06-1.71]). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the relationships between sleep complaints and CVD could be complex. Insomnia complaints are more likely a consequence of CVD, whereas EDS appears to be a determinant of CVD independently of past-history of CVD. EDS screening may thus constitute a means of detecting persons at high risk of CVD. Citation: Jaussent I, Empana J-P, Ancelin M-L, Besset A, Helmer C, et al. (2013) Insomnia, Daytime Sleepiness and Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases in the Elderly: A 6-Year Prospective Study. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56048

Discovery of a new bright close double star

International audienceWe report in this note the discovery of a close double star. The binarity of the bright star SAO 12917 is determined from visible speckle interferometry with the Bernard Lyot telescope

Impact of sleep disturbances on kidney function decline in the elderly

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Associations between sleep complaints and future CVD (CHD or Stroke) events over 6-year follow-up.

<p>Model 0 was adjusted for center and gender.</p><p>Model 1 was adjusted for model 0 plus mobility, respiratory disease, depressive symptoms, Body Mass Index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus.</p><p>Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus prescribed sleep medication.</p><p>Model 3 was adjusted for model 2 plus past-history of cerebro-cardio vascular disease (stroke or CHD).</p>(a)<p>number of insomnia symptoms.</p>(b)<p>Difficulty with initiating sleep.</p>(c)<p>Difficulty in maintaining sleep.</p>(d)<p>Early morning awakening.</p>(e)<p>Excessive daytime sleepiness.</p

Flow diagram.

<p>Flow diagram.</p

Relationships between past-history of CVD (stroke or CHD) and sleep complaints evaluated at baseline.

(a)<p>odds ratio (OR) for the presence of the sleep complaint indicated. The OR gives the risk of presenting a sleep complaint among those with a past-history of CVD compared to those without a past-history of CVD. The reference (OR = 1) corresponds to the subjects without the sleep complaint indicated.</p><p>Model 1 was adjusted for center, age and gender.</p><p>Model 2: Model 1 adjusted for educational level, living alone, mobility, alcohol intake, caffeine intake, smoking status, respiratory disease, thyroid disease, depressive symptoms, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, loudly snoring.</p><p>Model 3: Model 2 adjusted for prescribed sleep medication.</p><p>Model 4: Number of insomnia complaints, DIS, DMS and EMA were adjusted for variables of Model 3 plus EDS. EDS was adjusted for the Model 3 plus the number of insomnia complaints.</p