The guild and the swordsman

Guilds have a well-established association with the fencing systems of medieval Europe, and the phenomenon of guilds has been the subject of a great deal of new academic research in the last 20 years or so. A thorough summary of the recent scholarship on guilds and their structure and history will help provide context for what may be loosely described as armed guilds. Though armed guilds have not yet been the subject of a proper systematic analysis, it is possible to tentatively identify four types. Combining the summary of ‘civilian’ guilds with the emerging evidence of armed guilds, including the fencing guilds, may help us better understand the social relevance of martial arts in medieval and Early Modern Europe. This may in turn contribute positively to the ongoing efforts to interpret the medieval fightbooks

Pilar and Brett: Female Heroes in Hemingway

The significant works on the hero have always assumed that the hero is male. However, feminist writers, such as Carol Pearson and Katherine Pope, have recently shown many women who are, in fact, heroic in both American and British literature. The main problem is that both cultures have often been unable to recognize female heroism, primarily because of their long-conditioned patriarchal perspectives. Men go on heroic quests; women either help or hinder them along their paths. Thus, women have been considered as supporting characters only, and they are called heroines. But some authors have created female heroes who are not defined in relation to men. Myths have caused stereotypes, and they have influenced women throughout the years. However, archetypes work as powerful forces within women without their knowledge. The female hero must first identify the society\u27s patriarchal negative myths--sex differences, virginity, romantic love, and maternal self-sacrifice. Then she must cross the threshold to begin her heroic quest to find her true self. Along the way, she must slay the dragons of society\u27s conditioning. She discovers who her captors and her rescuers are. She combines her natural female qualities and her male heroic qualities to become an autonomous woman. Transformed, she returns to change her community into a better one. There are two fully developed female heroes in Ernest Hemingway\u27s fiction--Pilar in For Whom the Bell Tolls and Brett in The Sun Also Rises. Pilar, a revolutionary warrior, carries a gun to defend the Republic. She experiences three archetypal phases, those of the Wanderer, the Martyr, and the Warrior, learning the positive attributes of each. Her journey eventually enables her to gather her guerrilla band into a united front to fight the Spanish Fascists. Brett develops through the Orphan archetype, but she lives primarily in the Wanderer stage. Since she is a nonconformist, she is criticized by both her men and the critics; she fights the stereotype of bitch. When she gives up Romero to protect him from her and her society, she becomes heroic in her sacrifice. Both women come from wastelands; Pilar exits from a stagnant cave where a drunken coward rules, and Brett leaves a sterile postwar milieu where rules and values have been twisted and destroyed. They emerge to destroy their sick environments and to create their newly transformed kingdoms. Hemingway\u27s fondness for Pilar and Brett gives them the strength to survive their journeys to become female heroes. Pilar rides off with her people, with their home on her saddle. Brett returns to her society, still an exciting rebel, but now a more maturely compassionate woman

Pilar and Brett: Female Heroes in Hemingway

The significant works on the hero have always assumed that the hero is male. However, feminist writers, such as Carol Pearson and Katherine Pope, have recently shown many women who are, in fact, heroic in both American and British literature. The main problem is that both cultures have often been unable to recognize female heroism, primarily because of their long-conditioned patriarchal perspectives. Men go on heroic quests; women either help or hinder them along their paths. Thus, women have been considered as supporting characters only, and they are called heroines. But some authors have created female heroes who are not defined in relation to men. Myths have caused stereotypes, and they have influenced women throughout the years. However, archetypes work as powerful forces within women without their knowledge. The female hero must first identify the society\u27s patriarchal negative myths--sex differences, virginity, romantic love, and maternal self-sacrifice. Then she must cross the threshold to begin her heroic quest to find her true self. Along the way, she must slay the dragons of society\u27s conditioning. She discovers who her captors and her rescuers are. She combines her natural female qualities and her male heroic qualities to become an autonomous woman. Transformed, she returns to change her community into a better one. There are two fully developed female heroes in Ernest Hemingway\u27s fiction--Pilar in For Whom the Bell Tolls and Brett in The Sun Also Rises. Pilar, a revolutionary warrior, carries a gun to defend the Republic. She experiences three archetypal phases, those of the Wanderer, the Martyr, and the Warrior, learning the positive attributes of each. Her journey eventually enables her to gather her guerrilla band into a united front to fight the Spanish Fascists. Brett develops through the Orphan archetype, but she lives primarily in the Wanderer stage. Since she is a nonconformist, she is criticized by both her men and the critics; she fights the stereotype of bitch. When she gives up Romero to protect him from her and her society, she becomes heroic in her sacrifice. Both women come from wastelands; Pilar exits from a stagnant cave where a drunken coward rules, and Brett leaves a sterile postwar milieu where rules and values have been twisted and destroyed. They emerge to destroy their sick environments and to create their newly transformed kingdoms. Hemingway\u27s fondness for Pilar and Brett gives them the strength to survive their journeys to become female heroes. Pilar rides off with her people, with their home on her saddle. Brett returns to her society, still an exciting rebel, but now a more maturely compassionate woman

Health and Health Behaviors during the Worst of Times: Evidence from the Great Recession

While previous studies have shown that recessions are associated with better health outcomes and behaviors, the focus of these studies has been on the relatively milder recessions of the late 20th century. In this paper, we examine if the previously established counter-cyclical pattern in health and heath behaviors is held during the Great Recession. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) between 2005 and 2011 and focusing on a wide range of outcomes capturing health and health behaviors, we show that the association between economic deterioration and these outcomes has weakened considerably during the recent recession. In fact, majority of our estimates indicate that the relationship has practically become zero, though subtle differences exist among various sub-populations. Our results are consistent with the evidence emerging from several recent studies that suggests that the relationship between economic activity and health and health behaviors has become less noticeable in the recent years

An analysis of students’ constructions of the ‘fees must Fall’ movement at an historically black university

The ‘Fees Must Fall’ movement which occured in 2015 and 2016 was a major national event which affected most higher education institutions in South Africa. This research considers the constructions of the ‘Fees Must Fall’ movement at an historically black university, namely, the University of Fort Hare. Furthermore, the research analyzes how students are positioned in their constructions in relation to the movement. The study aims to contribute to the understanding of the lived experiences of student activists in the 2015 and 2016 ‘Fees Must Fall’ movement at the University of Fort Hare. The data collection method used was a convenience sampling method with seven participants interviewed. Making use of the guidelines of a Foucauldian Discourse Analysis, four primary discourses were identified from the data collected: coercion discourses; fear discourses; financial discourses; and meritocracy discourses. The positions of students were varied and consisted of both agentic and submissive positions, with the student representative council frequently being positioned dominantly. The theoretical framework also included Michel Foucault’s theories of governmentality and biopower which contributed significantly to the understandings of institutional power in the university context. The research is conducted against ethical backdrop of the philosophies and guidelines of postcolonial psychology. The broader context of South Africa is observed and discussed, specifically recognizing the legacy of apartheid and other historical antecedents such as colonization. The issues of transformation, institutional racism, and decolonization are placed at the forefront of this research endeavour.Thesis (MSoc Sci) (Psychology) - - University of Fort Hare, 202

An analysis of students’ constructions of the ‘fees must Fall’ movement at an historically black university

The ‘Fees Must Fall’ movement which occured in 2015 and 2016 was a major national event which affected most higher education institutions in South Africa. This research considers the constructions of the ‘Fees Must Fall’ movement at an historically black university, namely, the University of Fort Hare. Furthermore, the research analyzes how students are positioned in their constructions in relation to the movement. The study aims to contribute to the understanding of the lived experiences of student activists in the 2015 and 2016 ‘Fees Must Fall’ movement at the University of Fort Hare. The data collection method used was a convenience sampling method with seven participants interviewed. Making use of the guidelines of a Foucauldian Discourse Analysis, four primary discourses were identified from the data collected: coercion discourses; fear discourses; financial discourses; and meritocracy discourses. The positions of students were varied and consisted of both agentic and submissive positions, with the student representative council frequently being positioned dominantly. The theoretical framework also included Michel Foucault’s theories of governmentality and biopower which contributed significantly to the understandings of institutional power in the university context. The research is conducted against ethical backdrop of the philosophies and guidelines of postcolonial psychology. The broader context of South Africa is observed and discussed, specifically recognizing the legacy of apartheid and other historical antecedents such as colonization. The issues of transformation, institutional racism, and decolonization are placed at the forefront of this research endeavour.Thesis (MSoc Sci) (Psychology) - - University of Fort Hare, 202

Does stroke location predict walk speed response to gait rehabilitation?

Objectives Recovery of independent ambulation after stroke is a major goal. However, which rehabilitation regimen best benefits each individual is unknown and decisions are currently made on a subjective basis. Predictors of response to specific therapies would guide the type of therapy most appropriate for each patient. Although lesion topography is a strong predictor of upper limb response, walking involves more distributed functions. Earlier studies that assessed the cortico-spinal tract (CST) were negative, suggesting other structures may be important. Experimental Design: The relationship between lesion topography and response of walking speed to standard rehabilitation was assessed in 50 adult-onset patients using both volumetric measurement of CST lesion load and voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping (VLSM) to assess non-CST structures. Two functional mobility scales, the functional ambulation category (FAC) and the modified rivermead mobility index (MRMI) were also administered. Performance measures were obtained both at entry into the study (3–42 days post-stroke) and at the end of a 6-week course of therapy. Baseline score, age, time since stroke onset and white matter hyperintensities score were included as nuisance covariates in regression models. Principal Observations: CST damage independently predicted response to therapy for FAC and MRMI, but not for walk speed. However, using VLSM the latter was predicted by damage to the putamen, insula, external capsule and neighbouring white matter. Conclusions Walk speed response to rehabilitation was affected by damage involving the putamen and neighbouring structures but not the CST, while the latter had modest but significant impact on everyday functions of general mobility and gait

Taming the Brut: Education, Conservation and Advocacy

Is Brutalism part of your architectural biography? Midcentury public concrete buildings are easy to dislike, are demolished at an increasing rate, and comprise hundreds of millions of GSF . Join a panel of experts to discover how the conservation and adaptation of these “Bruts” is a principal strategy for climate action. Explore innovative solutions for Brutalist building reuse and conservation as part of a carbon zero initiative, learn how to develop an effective marketing and advocacy campaign for historic preservation, and learn why such advocacy matters for a circular economy and for the next generation of architects in practice. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Discuss the historical context and current perceptions (both positive and negative) of midcentury modern and Brutalist public architecture, and articulate methods for determining architectural significance to owners and the public. 2. Make the case for existing building renovation and historic preservation in the context of climate change and the circular economy. 3. Explore new methods for designing, justifying, and implementing net-zero energy and zero carbon approaches in existing buildings. 4. Identify key elements of a successful marketing, sustainability, and conservation education campaign that engages design and construction consultants, owners, public architects and administrators, community stakeholders, and the public

Impact of Neutron Irradiation on the Thermoelectric Properties of Rare Earth‐Based Thermoelectric Materials

The impact of neutron irradiation on the thermoelectric (TE) properties of n‐type La 3‐x Te 4 , p‐type Yb 14 MnSb 11 , and n‐ and p‐type filled skutterudites is reported and discussed. During operation in Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs), these TE materials are expected to experience a certain degree of radiation over time, specifically, fission neutrons. This could affect their TE properties and thus the performance of the generators over time. In this study three samples of each of the above materials were exposed to 18 years worth of neutron radiation near room temperature at the Ohio State University Research Reactor (OSURR). Their electrical resistivity, carrier mobility, carrier concentration, thermal conductivity, Hall coefficient, and Seebeck coefficient were measured before and after radiation exposure at room temperature. Post‐irradiation the properties are measured twice. The first measurements were conducted on the samples as received after irradiation. The samples were then polished to remove any surface discoloration or oxidation films. The above properties were tested again to determine if the initial surface characteristics played an influence on the TE properties. The room temperature TE properties indicate that the neutron exposure had limited impact on the Seebeck and resistivity (less than 10% deviation). Results agree with previous investigations that established the minimal impact of neutron exposure on other similar TE materials. High‐temperature TE property measurements, including thermal conductivity, will also be performed on the samples to confirm the initial room temperature results

Corrigendum to "Complex Systems and International Governance"

This collection of essays brings together scholars from various disciplinary backgrounds, based on three continents, with different theoretical and methodological interests but all active on the topic of complex systems as applied to international relations. They investigate how complex systems have been and can be applied in practice and what differences it makes for the study of international affairs. Two important threads link all the contributions: (i) To which extent is this approach promising to understand global governance dynamics? (ii) How can this be implemented in practice