Bitcoin y el Derecho Español

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado hace un análisis del nuevo fenómeno del Bitcoin, ya que a pesar de su nacimiento en el año 2008, es todavía un gran desconocido para la sociedad en muchos aspectos. Este análisis no trata de profundizar en el controvertido mecanismo económico que conlleva el Bitcoin, sino explicar qué significa hoy en día este concepto y qué regulación existe al respecto principalmente en España. El objetivo principal es, dada la información contradictoria que existe acerca del Bitcoin y su escasa regulación, realizar una introducción a los aspectos fundamentales de este, así como a su tratamiento jurídico en España

Analysis of Spanish Radiometric Networks with the Novel Bias-Based Quality Control (BQC) Method

Different types of measuring errors can increase the uncertainty of solar radiation measurements, but most common quality control (QC) methods do not detect frequent defects such as shading or calibration errors due to their low magnitude. We recently presented a new procedure, the Bias-based Quality Control (BQC), that detects low-magnitude defects by analyzing the stability of the deviations between several independent radiation databases and measurements. In this study, we extend the validation of the BQC by analyzing the quality of all publicly available Spanish radiometric networks measuring global horizontal irradiance (9 networks, 732 stations). Similarly to our previous validation, the BQC found many defects such as shading, soiling, or calibration issues not detected by classical QC methods. The results questioned the quality of SIAR, Euskalmet, MeteoGalica, and SOS Rioja, as all of them presented defects in more than 40% of their stations. Those studies based on these networks should be interpreted cautiously. In contrast, the number of defects was below a 5% in BSRN, AEMET, MeteoNavarra, Meteocat, and SIAR Rioja, though the presence of defects in networks such as AEMET highlights the importance of QC even when using a priori reliable stations.Peer reviewe

Sources of uncertainty in annual global horizontal irradiance data

The major sources of uncertainty in short-term assessment of global horizontal radiation (G) are the pyranometer type and their operation conditions for measurements, whereas the modeling approach and the geographic location are critical for estimations. The influence of all these factors in the uncertainty of the data has rarely been compared. Conversely, solar radiation data users are increasingly demanding more accurate uncertainty estimations. Here we compare the annual bias and uncertainty of all the mentioned factors using 732 weather stations located in Spain, two satellite-based products and three reanalyses. The largest uncertainties were associated to operational errors such as shading (bias = - 8.0%) or soiling (bias = - 9.4%), which occurred frequently in low-quality monitoring networks but are rarely detected because they pass conventional QC tests. Uncertainty in estimations greatly changed from reanalysis to satellite-based products, ranging from the gross accuracy of ERA-Interim (+ 6.1(-6.7)(+)(1)(8.)(8)%) to the high quality and spatial homogeneity of SARAH-1 (+ 1.4(-5.3)(+)(5.6)%). Finally, photodiodes from the Spanish agricultural network SIAR showed an uncertainty of (+6.)(9)(-5.4)%, which is far greater than that of secondary standards (+/- 1.5%) and similar to SARAH-1. This is probably caused by the presence of undetectable operational errors and the use of uncorrected photodiodes. Photodiode measurements from low-quality monitoring networks such as SIAR should be used with caution, because the chances of adding extra uncertainties due to poor maintenance or inadequate calibration considerably increase.Peer reviewe

Magnetic Core-Shell Nanoparticles Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Zearalenone Determination

This paper describes the synthesis of novel molecularly imprinted magnetic nano-beads for the selective extraction (MISPE) of zearalenone mycotoxin in river and tap waters and further analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD). A semi-covalent imprinting approach was achieved for the synthesis of the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP). The nanoparticles were prepared by covering the starting Fe3O4 material with a first layer of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and then with a second layer using cyclododecyl 2-hydroxy-4-(3-triethoxysilylpropylcarbamoyloxy) benzoate. The last was used with a dual role, template and functional monomer after the extraction of the template molecule. The material was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies (FT-IR). The solid phase extraction was optimized in all the steps: loading, washing and elution. The optimal conditions allowed the determination of zearalenone in trace levels of 12.5, 25 and 50 µg L−1 without significant differences between the fortified and found level concentrations.Depto. de Química AnalíticaFac. de Ciencias QuímicasTRUEMICINpu

Assessment of microproject-based teaching/learning (MicroPBL) experience in industrial engineering degrees

An assessment program to evaluate microproject-based teaching/ learning (MicroPBL) methodology on the technical subject Manufacturing Technology was implemented for four consecutive academic years. Students from three engineering degrees were involved providing feedback through various surveys that allowed us to perform a proper evaluation. More specifically, students' surveys were anonymous after each academic year, except the last one, which included both non-anonymous pre and postsurveys. The polls were mainly meant to evaluate the acquisition of specific competences (using technical questions about the subject) as well as generic ones (using questions concerning soft-skills). Students' satisfaction with the methodology and with the signature, in general, were also checked. Nonanonymous surveys enabled us to study the correlation between polls results and students' final scores. Note that students' self-assessment concerning their knowledge about technical aspects drastically changed after the course. The average final score of this subject from student's perception was slightly higher than the real value. Moreover, student's self-perception on soft-skills increased at the end of the course. In general, the proposed MicroPBL methodology demonstrated a beneficial impact on students of Manufacturing Technology keeping high-motivation levels in students as well as high success rates and scores.Peer reviewe

Current Trends in Molecular Imprinting: Strategies, Applications and Determination of Target Molecules in Spain

Over the last decades, an increasing demand for new specific molecular recognition elements has emerged in order to improve analytical methods that have already been developed in order to reach the detection/quantification limits of target molecules. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have molecular recognition abilities provided by the presence of a template molecule during their synthesis, and they are excellent materials with high selectivity for sample preparation. These synthetic polymers are relatively easy to prepare, and they can also be an excellent choice in the substitution of antibodies or enzymes in different kinds of assays. They have been properly applied to the development of chromatographic or solid-phase extraction methods and have also been successfully applied as electrochemical, piezoelectrical, and optical sensors, as well as in the catalysis process. Nevertheless, new formats of polymerization can also provide new applications for these materials. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison of the new challenges in molecular imprinting as materials of the future in Spai

Evaluation of global horizontal irradiance estimates from ERA5 and COSMO-REA6 reanalyses using ground and satellite-based data

This study examines the progress made by two new reanalyses in the estimation of surface irradiance: ERAS, the new global reanalysis from the ECMWF, and COSMO-REA6, the regional reanalysis from the DWD for Europe. Daily global horizontal irradiance data were evaluated with 41 BSRN stations worldwide, 294 stations in Europe, and two satellite-derived products (NSRDB and SARAH). ERAS achieves a moderate positive bias worldwide and in Europe of + 4.05 W/m 2 and + 4.54 W/m 2 respectively, which entails a reduction in the average bias ranging from 50% to 75% compared to ERA-Interim and MERRA-2. This makes ERAS comparable with satellite-derived products in terms of the mean bias in most inland stations, but ERAS results degrade in coastal areas and mountains. The bias of ERAS varies with the cloudiness, overestimating under cloudy conditions and slightly underestimating under clear-skies, which suggests a poor prediction of cloud patterns and leads to larger absolute errors than that of satellite-based products. In Europe, the regional COSMO-REA6 underestimates in most stations (MBE = -5.29 W/m(2)) showing the largest deviations under clear-sky conditions, which is most likely caused by the aerosol climatology used. Above 45 degrees N the magnitude of the bias and absolute error of COSMO-REA6 are similar to ERAS while it outperforms ERA5 in the coastal areas due to its high-resolution grid (6.2 km). We conclude that ERAS and COSMO-REA6 have reduced the gap between reanalysis and satellite-based data, but further development is required in the prediction of clouds while the spatial grid of ERAS (31 km) remains inadequate for places with high variability of surface irradiance (coasts and mountains). Satellite-based data should be still used when available, but having in mind their limitations, ERAS is a valid alternative for situations in which satellite-based data are missing (polar regions and gaps in times series) while COSMO-REA6 complements ERA5 in Central and Northern Europe mitigating the limitations of ERA5 in coastal areas.Peer reviewe

Quantifying the amplified bias of PV system simulations due to uncertainties in solar radiation estimates

Solar radiation databases used for simulating PV systems are typically selected according to their annual bias in global horizontal irradiance (G(H)) because this bias propagates proportionally to plane-of-array irradiance (G(POA)) and module power (P-DC). However, the bias may get amplified through the simulations due to the impact of deviations in estimated irradiance on parts of the modeling chain depending on irradiance. This study quantifies these effects at 39 European locations by comparing simulations using satellite-based (SARAH) and reanalysis (COSMO-REA6 and ERAS) databases against simulations using station measurements. SARAH showed a stable bias through the simulations producing the best Pp c predictions in Central and South Europe, whereas the bias of reanalyses got substantially amplified because their deviations vary with atmospheric transmissivity due to an incorrect prediction of clouds. However, SARAH worsened at the northern locations covered by the product (55-65 degrees N) underestimating both G(POA) and P-DC. On the contrary, ERAS not only covers latitudes above 65 degrees but it also obtained the least biased P-DC estimations between 55 and 65 degrees N, which supports its use as a complement of satellite-based databases in high latitudes. The most significant amplifications occurred through the transposition model ranging from +/- 1% up to +/- 6%. Their magnitude increased linearly with the inclination angle, and they are related to the incorrect estimation of beam and diffuse irradiance. The bias increased around + 1% in the PV module model because the PV conversion efficiency depends on irradiance directly, and indirectly via module temperature. The amplification of the bias was similar and occasionally greater than the bias in annual G(H), so databases with the smallest bias in G(H) may not always provide the least biased PV simulations.Peer reviewe

Ya no seremos esclavos: una lectura coreografiada de "Edén, Edén, Edén", de Pierre Guyotat

Este fanzine se editó con motivo de la celebración del 150 aniversario de Edén, Edén, Edén de Pierre Guyotat. El 9 de septiembre de 2020 el Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (MNCARS) organizó un acto de homenaje en el contexto de unas celebraciones que se realizaron varios lugares de todo el mundo. Ese día se realizó una lectura, seguida de una charla, en la que participaron Selina Blasco, María Jeres, Andrés Senra, Sabina Urraca y Javier Pérez Iglesias que diseñó y coordinó la actividad. Dentro del MNCARS la actividad estuvo coordinada por Tamara Díaz Bringas por encargo de Ana Longoni. Esa publicación recoge los textos de las conversaciones y algunas de las imágenes que se proyectaron. En la Web del Museo se puede ver una grabación de toda la actividad. https://www.museoreinasofia.es/multimedia/ya-no-seremos-esclavo