Evaluation of the shallow geothermal potential for heating and cooling and its integration in the socioeconomic environment: A case study in the Region of Murcia, Spain

In order to boost the use of shallow geothermal energy, reliable and sound information concerning its potential must be provided to the public and energy decision-makers, among others. To this end, we developed a GIS-based methodology that allowed us to estimate the resource, energy, economic and environmental potential of shallow geothermal energy at a regional scale. Our method focuses on closed-loop borehole heat exchanger systems, which are by far the systems that are most utilized for heating and cooling purposes, and whose energy demands are similar throughout the year in the study area applied. The resource was assessed based on the thermal properties from the surface to a depth of 100 m, considering the water saturation grade of the materials. Additionally, climate and building characteristics data were also used as the main input. The G.POT method was used for assessing the annual shallow geothermal resource and for the specific heat extraction (sHe) rate estimation for both heating and, for the first time, for cooling. The method was applied to the Region of Murcia (Spain) and thematic maps were created with the outputting results. They offer insight toward the thermal energy that can be extracted for both heating and cooling in (MWh/year) and (W/m); the technical potential, making a distinction over the climate zones in the region; the cost of the possible ground source heat pump (GSHP) installation, associated payback period and the cost of producing the shallow geothermal energy; and, finally, the GHG emissions savings derived from its usage. The model also output the specific heat extraction rates, which are compared to those from the VDI 4640, which prove to be slightly higher than the previous one

Rational design of a genetic finite state machine: Combining biology, engineering, and mathematics for bio-computer research

[EN] The recent success of biological engineering is due to a tremendous amount of research effort and the increasing number of market opportunities. Indeed, this has been partially possible due to the contribution of advanced mathematical tools and the application of engineering principles in genetic-circuit development. In this work, we use a rationally designed genetic circuit to show how models can support research and motivate students to apply mathematics in their future careers. A genetic four-state machine is analyzed using three frameworks: Deterministic and stochastic modeling through di erential and master equations, and a spatial approach via a cellular automaton. Each theoretical framework sheds light on the problem in a complementary way. It helps in understanding basic concepts of modeling and engineering, such as noise, robustness, and reaction¿di usion systems. The designed automaton could be part of a more complex system of modules conforming future bio-computers and it is a paradigmatic example of how models can assist teachers in multidisciplinary education.D.F. was supported by an internal grant from Palacky University Olomouc (no. IGA_PrF_2020_028) and J.A.C. by MEC, grant number MTM2016-75963-P.Fuente, D.; Garibo I Orts, Ó.; Conejero, JA.; Urchueguía Schölzel, JF. (2020). Rational design of a genetic finite state machine: Combining biology, engineering, and mathematics for bio-computer research. Mathematics. 8(8):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8081362S12088Khalil, A. S., & Collins, J. J. (2010). Synthetic biology: applications come of age. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11(5), 367-379. doi:10.1038/nrg2775Jullesson, D., David, F., Pfleger, B., & Nielsen, J. (2015). Impact of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering on industrial production of fine chemicals. 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Numerical Study on the Thermal Performance of a Single U-Tube Borehole Heat Exchanger Using Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials

[EN] To investigate the impacts of using nano-enhanced phase change materials on the thermal performance of a borehole heat exchanger in the summer season, a three-dimensional numerical model of a borehole heat exchanger is created in the present work. Seven nanoparticles including Cu, CuO, Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, multi-wall carbon nanotube, and graphene are added to the Paraffin. Considering the highest melting rate and lowest outlet temperature, the selected nano-enhanced phase change material is evaluated in terms of volume fraction (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) and then the shape (sphere, brick, cylinder, platelet, blade) of its nanoparticles. Based on the results, the Paraffin containing Cu and SiO2 nanoparticles are found to be the best and worst ones in thermal performance improvement, respectively. Moreover, it is indicated that the increase in the volume fraction of Cu nanoparticles could enhance markedly the melting rate, being 0.20 the most favorable value which increased up to 55% the thermal conductivity of the nano-enhanced phase change material compared to the pure phase change material. Furthermore, the blade shape is by far the most appropriate shape of the Cu nanoparticles by considering about 85% melting of the nano-enhanced phase change materiaThis research work has been supported financially by the European project GEOCOND (funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 727583) and by the European project GEO4CIVHIC (funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 792355).Javadi, H.; Urchueguía Schölzel, JF.; Mousavi Ajarostaghi, SS.; Badenes Badenes, B. (2020). Numerical Study on the Thermal Performance of a Single U-Tube Borehole Heat Exchanger Using Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials. Energies. 13(19):1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/en131951561301319Javadi, H., Mousavi Ajarostaghi, S. S., Rosen, M. A., & Pourfallah, M. (2019). Performance of ground heat exchangers: A comprehensive review of recent advances. Energy, 178, 207-233. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.094Javadi, H., Mousavi Ajarostaghi, S. S., Pourfallah, M., & Zaboli, M. (2019). Performance analysis of helical ground heat exchangers with different configurations. Applied Thermal Engineering, 154, 24-36. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.021Javadi, H., Ajarostaghi, S. S. M., Mousavi, S. S., & Pourfallah, M. (2019). Thermal analysis of a triple helix ground heat exchanger using numerical simulation and multiple linear regression. Geothermics, 81, 53-73. doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.04.005Javadi, H., Mousavi Ajarostaghi, S., Rosen, M., & Pourfallah, M. (2018). A Comprehensive Review of Backfill Materials and Their Effects on Ground Heat Exchanger Performance. Sustainability, 10(12), 4486. doi:10.3390/su10124486Quaggiotto, Zarrella, Emmi, De Carli, Pockelé, Vercruysse, … Bernardi. (2019). Simulation-Based Comparison Between the Thermal Behavior of Coaxial and Double U-Tube Borehole Heat Exchangers. Energies, 12(12), 2321. doi:10.3390/en12122321Serageldin, A. A., Radwan, A., Sakata, Y., Katsura, T., & Nagano, K. (2020). The Effect of Groundwater Flow on the Thermal Performance of a Novel Borehole Heat Exchanger for Ground Source Heat Pump Systems: Small Scale Experiments and Numerical Simulation. Energies, 13(6), 1418. doi:10.3390/en13061418Sapińska-Śliwa, A., Sliwa, T., Twardowski, K., Szymski, K., Gonet, A., & Żuk, P. (2020). Method of Averaging the Effective Thermal Conductivity Based on Thermal Response Tests of Borehole Heat Exchangers. Energies, 13(14), 3737. doi:10.3390/en13143737Janiszewski, M., Caballero Hernández, E., Siren, T., Uotinen, L., Kukkonen, I., & Rinne, M. (2018). In Situ Experiment and Numerical Model Validation of a Borehole Heat Exchanger in Shallow Hard Crystalline Rock. Energies, 11(4), 963. doi:10.3390/en11040963Patil, M., Seo, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., & Lee, M.-Y. (2016). Review on Synthesis, Thermo-Physical Property, and Heat Transfer Mechanism of Nanofluids. Energies, 9(10), 840. doi:10.3390/en9100840Cao, S.-J., Kong, X.-R., Deng, Y., Zhang, W., Yang, L., & Ye, Z.-P. (2017). Investigation on thermal performance of steel heat exchanger for ground source heat pump systems using full-scale experiments and numerical simulations. Applied Thermal Engineering, 115, 91-98. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.12.098Li, B., Zheng, M., Shahrestani, M., & Zhang, S. (2020). Driving factors of the thermal efficiency of ground source heat pump systems with vertical boreholes in Chongqing by experiments. Journal of Building Engineering, 28, 101049. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101049Wang, J. L., Zhao, J. D., & Liu, N. (2014). Numerical Simulation of Borehole Heat Transfer with Phase Change Material as Grout. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 577, 44-47. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.44Li, X., Tong, C., Duanmu, L., & Liu, L. (2016). Research on U-tube Heat Exchanger with Shape-stabilized Phase Change Backfill Material. Procedia Engineering, 146, 640-647. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.420Li, X., Tong, C., Duanmu, L., & Liu, L. (2017). Study of a U-tube heat exchanger using a shape-stabilized phase change backfill material. Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 23(3), 430-440. doi:10.1080/23744731.2016.1243409Qi, D., Pu, L., Sun, F., & Li, Y. (2016). Numerical investigation on thermal performance of ground heat exchangers using phase change materials as grout for ground source heat pump system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 106, 1023-1032. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.06.048Chen, F., Mao, J., Chen, S., Li, C., Hou, P., & Liao, L. (2018). Efficiency analysis of utilizing phase change materials as grout for a vertical U-tube heat exchanger coupled ground source heat pump system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 130, 698-709. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.11.062Chen, F., Mao, J., Li, C., Hou, P., Li, Y., Xing, Z., & Chen, S. (2018). Restoration performance and operation characteristics of a vertical U-tube ground source heat pump system with phase change grouts under different running modes. Applied Thermal Engineering, 141, 467-482. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.06.009Zhang, M., Liu, X., Biswas, K., & Warner, J. (2019). A three-dimensional numerical investigation of a novel shallow bore ground heat exchanger integrated with phase change material. Applied Thermal Engineering, 162, 114297. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114297Yang, W., Xu, R., Yang, B., & Yang, J. (2019). Experimental and numerical investigations on the thermal performance of a borehole ground heat exchanger with PCM backfill. Energy, 174, 216-235. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.172Bottarelli, M., Bortoloni, M., Su, Y., Yousif, C., Aydın, A. A., & Georgiev, A. (2015). Numerical analysis of a novel ground heat exchanger coupled with phase change materials. Applied Thermal Engineering, 88, 369-375. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.10.016Bottarelli, M., Bortoloni, M., & Su, Y. (2015). Heat transfer analysis of underground thermal energy storage in shallow trenches filled with encapsulated phase change materials. Applied Thermal Engineering, 90, 1044-1051. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.04.002Rabin, Y., & Korin, E. (1996). Incorporation of Phase-Change Materials Into a Ground Thermal Energy Storage System: Theoretical Study. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 118(3), 237-241. doi:10.1115/1.2793868Benli, H., & Durmuş, A. (2009). Evaluation of ground-source heat pump combined latent heat storage system performance in greenhouse heating. Energy and Buildings, 41(2), 220-228. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.09.004Benli, H. (2011). Energetic performance analysis of a ground-source heat pump system with latent heat storage for a greenhouse heating. Energy Conversion and Management, 52(1), 581-589. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2010.07.033Dehdezi, P. K., Hall, M. R., & Dawson, A. R. (2011). Enhancement of Soil Thermo-Physical Properties Using Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials for Ground Source Heat Pump Applications. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 110-116, 1191-1198. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.1191Zhu, N., Hu, P., Lei, Y., Jiang, Z., & Lei, F. (2015). Numerical study on ground source heat pump integrated with phase change material cooling storage system in office building. Applied Thermal Engineering, 87, 615-623. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.05.056Alkhwildi, A., Elhashmi, R., & Chiasson, A. 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Theoretical and experimental cost-benefit assessment of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) according to working fluid flow rate

[EN] In ground-source heat-pump systems, the heat exchange rate is influenced by various design and operational parameters that condition the thermal performance of the heat pump and the running costs during exploitation. One less-studied area is the relationship between the pumping costs in a given system and the heat exchange rate. This work analyzes the investment and operating costs of representative borehole heat-exchanger configurations with varying circulating flow rate by means of a combination of analytical formulas and case study simulations to allow a precise quantification of the capital and operational costs in typical scenario. As a conclusion, an optimal flow rate minimizing either of both costs can be determined. Furthermore, it is concluded that in terms of operating costs, there is an operational pumping rate above which performance of geothermal systems is energetically strongly penalized.This research work has been supported financially by the European project GEOCOND (funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 727583) and by the European project GEO4CIVHIC (funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 792355).Badenes Badenes, B.; Mateo Pla, MÁ.; Magraner Benedicto, MT.; Soriano Olivares, J.; Urchueguía Schölzel, JF. (2020). Theoretical and experimental cost-benefit assessment of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) according to working fluid flow rate. Energies. 13(18):1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184925S1301318Sáez Blázquez, C., Piedelobo, L., Fernández-Hernández, J., Nieto, I. M., Martín, A. F., Lagüela, S., & González-Aguilera, D. (2020). Novel Experimental Device to Monitor the Ground Thermal Exchange in a Borehole Heat Exchanger. Energies, 13(5), 1270. doi:10.3390/en13051270Bae, S. M., Nam, Y., & Shim, B. O. (2018). Feasibility Study of Ground Source Heat Pump System Considering Underground Thermal Properties. Energies, 11(7), 1786. doi:10.3390/en11071786Bilić, T., Raos, S., Ilak, P., Rajšl, I., & Pašičko, R. (2020). Assessment of Geothermal Fields in the South Pannonian Basin System Using a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Tool. Energies, 13(5), 1026. doi:10.3390/en13051026Lamarche, L., Raymond, J., & Koubikana Pambou, C. (2017). Evaluation of the Internal and Borehole Resistances during Thermal Response Tests and Impact on Ground Heat Exchanger Design. Energies, 11(1), 38. doi:10.3390/en11010038Vella, C., Borg, S. P., & Micallef, D. (2020). The Effect of Shank-Space on the Thermal Performance of Shallow Vertical U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers. Energies, 13(3), 602. doi:10.3390/en13030602Javed, S., & Spitler, J. D. (2016). Calculation of borehole thermal resistance. Advances in Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems, 63-95. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100311-4.00003-0Serageldin, A. A., Sakata, Y., Katsura, T., & Nagano, K. (2018). Thermo-hydraulic performance of the U-tube borehole heat exchanger with a novel oval cross-section: Numerical approach. Energy Conversion and Management, 177, 406-415. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.09.081Hou, G., Taherian, H., Li, L., Fuse, J., & Moradi, L. (2020). System performance analysis of a hybrid ground source heat pump with optimal control strategies based on numerical simulations. Geothermics, 86, 101849. doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101849Li, M., & Lai, A. C. K. (2013). Thermodynamic optimization of ground heat exchangers with single U-tube by entropy generation minimization method. Energy Conversion and Management, 65, 133-139. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2012.07.013De Carli, M., Galgaro, A., Pasqualetto, M., & Zarrella, A. (2014). Energetic and economic aspects of a heating and cooling district in a mild climate based on closed loop ground source heat pump. Applied Thermal Engineering, 71(2), 895-904. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.01.064Lu, Q., Narsilio, G. A., Aditya, G. R., & Johnston, I. W. (2017). Economic analysis of vertical ground source heat pump systems in Melbourne. Energy, 125, 107-117. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.082Nguyen, H. V., Law, Y. L. E., Alavy, M., Walsh, P. R., Leong, W. H., & Dworkin, S. B. (2014). An analysis of the factors affecting hybrid ground-source heat pump installation potential in North America. Applied Energy, 125, 28-38. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.044Garber, D., Choudhary, R., & Soga, K. (2013). Risk based lifetime costs assessment of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system design: Methodology and case study. Building and Environment, 60, 66-80. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.11.011Yoon, S., Lee, S.-R., Xue, J., Zosseder, K., Go, G.-H., & Park, H. (2015). Evaluation of the thermal efficiency and a cost analysis of different types of ground heat exchangers in energy piles. Energy Conversion and Management, 105, 393-402. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.08.002Emmi, G., Zarrella, A., De Carli, M., Donà, M., & Galgaro, A. (2017). Energy performance and cost analysis of some borehole heat exchanger configurations with different heat-carrier fluids in mild climates. Geothermics, 65, 158-169. doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.09.006Spitler, J. D., & Gehlin, S. E. A. (2015). Thermal response testing for ground source heat pump systems—An historical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 1125-1137. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.061Bandos, T. V., Montero, Á., Fernández, E., Santander, J. L. G., Isidro, J. M., Pérez, J., … Urchueguía, J. F. (2009). Finite line-source model for borehole heat exchangers: effect of vertical temperature variations. Geothermics, 38(2), 263-270. doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2009.01.003Diao, N., Cui, P., & Fang, Z. (2002). The thermal resistance in a borehole of geothermal heat exchangers. Proceeding of International Heat Transfer Conference 12. doi:10.1615/ihtc12.3050H. Tarrad, A. (2019). A Borehole Thermal Resistance Correlation for a Single Vertical DX U-Tube in Geothermal Energy Application. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 3(4), 75. doi:10.11648/j.ajese.20190304.12Ould-Rouiss, M., Redjem-Saad, L., & Lauriat, G. (2009). Direct numerical simulation of turbulent heat transfer in annuli: Effect of heat flux ratio. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 30(4), 579-589. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2009.02.018Lundberg, R. E., McCuen, P. A., & Reynolds, W. C. (1963). Heat transfer in annular passages. Hydrodynamically developed laminar flow with arbitrarily prescribed wall temperatures or heat fluxes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6(6), 495-529. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(63)90124-8Badenes, B., Mateo Pla, M., Lemus-Zúñiga, L., Sáiz Mauleón, B., & Urchueguía, J. (2017). On the Influence of Operational and Control Parameters in Thermal Response Testing of Borehole Heat Exchangers. Energies, 10(9), 1328. doi:10.3390/en10091328Urchueguía, J., Lemus-Zúñiga, L.-G., Oliver-Villanueva, J.-V., Badenes, B., Pla, M., & Cuevas, J. (2018). How Reliable Are Standard Thermal Response Tests? An Assessment Based on Long-Term Thermal Response Tests Under Different Operational Conditions. Energies, 11(12), 3347. doi:10.3390/en11123347Código Técnico de la Edificación de España https://www.codigotecnico.org/EED—Earth Energy Designer, v4 https://buildingphysics.com/eed-2/GMSW 28 HK https://www.ochsner.com/en/ochsner-products/product-detail/gmsw-28-hk

On the Influence of Renewable Energy Sources in Electricity Price Forecasting in the Iberian Market

[EN] The mainstream of EU policies is heading towards the conversion of the nowadays electricity consumer into the future electricity prosumer (producer and consumer) in markets in which the production of electricity will be more local, renewable and economically efficient. One key component of a local short-term and medium-term planning tool to enable actors to efficiently interact in the electric pool markets is the ability to predict and decide on forecast prices. Given the progressively more important role of renewable production in local markets, we analyze the influence of renewable energy production on the electricity price in the Iberian market through historical records. The dependencies discovered in this analysis will serve to identify the forecasts to use as explanatory variables for an electricity price forecasting model based on recurrent neural networks. The results will show the wide impact of using forecasted renewable energy production in the price forecasting.This work is supported by the Spanish MINECO project TIN2017-88476-C2-1-R. D. Aineto is partially supported by the FPU16/03184.Aineto, D.; Iranzo-Sánchez, J.; Lemus Zúñiga, LG.; Onaindia De La Rivaherrera, E.; Urchueguía Schölzel, JF. (2019). On the Influence of Renewable Energy Sources in Electricity Price Forecasting in the Iberian Market. Energies. 12(11):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/en121120821201211Conference of the Parties, Framework Convention on Climate Change, U.N. Adoption of the Paris Agreementhttps://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdfEuropean Commission 2018—Vision for a Long-Term EU Strategy for Reducting Greenhouse Gas Emissionshttps://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en#tab-0-1Common Vision for the Renewable Heating and Cooling Sector in Europe: 2020–2030–2050 of the Renewable Heating and Cooling Technology and Innovation Platformhttp://www.rhc-platform.org/publications/Operador del Mercado Ibérico de Energía—Polo Español—Resultados de mercadohttp://www.omie.es/aplicaciones/datosftp/datosftp.jsp?path=García-Martos, C., Caro, E., & Jesús Sánchez, M. (2015). Electricity price forecasting accounting for renewable energies: optimal combined forecasts. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 66(5), 871-884. doi:10.1057/jors.2013.177Grossi, L., & Nan, F. (2019). Robust forecasting of electricity prices: Simulations, models and the impact of renewable sources. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 141, 305-318. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2019.01.006Madani, K., & Lund, J. R. (2009). Estimated impacts of climate warming on California’s high-elevation hydropower. Climatic Change, 102(3-4), 521-538. doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9750-8Moemken, J., Reyers, M., Feldmann, H., & Pinto, J. G. (2018). Future Changes of Wind Speed and Wind Energy Potentials in EURO-CORDEX Ensemble Simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(12), 6373-6389. doi:10.1029/2018jd028473Jerez, S., Tobin, I., Vautard, R., Montávez, J. P., López-Romero, J. M., Thais, F., … Wild, M. (2015). The impact of climate change on photovoltaic power generation in Europe. Nature Communications, 6(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms10014Martiradonna, L. (2016). Robust against climate change. Nature Materials, 15(2), 127-127. doi:10.1038/nmat4559Mideksa, T. K., & Kallbekken, S. (2010). The impact of climate change on the electricity market: A review. Energy Policy, 38(7), 3579-3585. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.035Golombek, R., Kittelsen, S. A. C., & Haddeland, I. (2011). Climate change: impacts on electricity markets in Western Europe. Climatic Change, 113(2), 357-370. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0348-6Giulietti, M., Grossi, L., Trujillo Baute, E., & Waterson, M. (2018). Analyzing the Potential Economic Value of Energy Storage. The Energy Journal, 39(01). doi:10.5547/01956574.39.si1.mgiuBorenstein, S. (2012). The Private and Public Economics of Renewable Electricity Generation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(1), 67-92. doi:10.1257/jep.26.1.67Aggarwal, S. K., Saini, L. M., & Kumar, A. (2009). Electricity price forecasting in deregulated markets: A review and evaluation. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 31(1), 13-22. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2008.09.003Notton, G., Nivet, M.-L., Voyant, C., Paoli, C., Darras, C., Motte, F., & Fouilloy, A. (2018). Intermittent and stochastic character of renewable energy sources: Consequences, cost of intermittence and benefit of forecasting. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 87, 96-105. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.007Woo, C. K., Horowitz, I., Moore, J., & Pacheco, A. (2011). The impact of wind generation on the electricity spot-market price level and variance: The Texas experience. Energy Policy, 39(7), 3939-3944. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.03.084Brancucci Martinez-Anido, C., Brinkman, G., & Hodge, B.-M. (2016). The impact of wind power on electricity prices. Renewable Energy, 94, 474-487. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.053Paraschiv, F., Erni, D., & Pietsch, R. (2014). The impact of renewable energies on EEX day-ahead electricity prices. Energy Policy, 73, 196-210. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.05.004Milstein, I., & Tishler, A. (2015). Can price volatility enhance market power? The case of renewable technologies in competitive electricity markets. Resource and Energy Economics, 41, 70-90. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2015.04.001Mulder, M., & Scholtens, B. (2013). The impact of renewable energy on electricity prices in the Netherlands. Renewable Energy, 57, 94-100. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.025Weron, R. (2014). Electricity price forecasting: A review of the state-of-the-art with a look into the future. International Journal of Forecasting, 30(4), 1030-1081. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2014.08.008Contreras, J., Espinola, R., Nogales, F. J., & Conejo, A. J. (2003). ARIMA models to predict next-day electricity prices. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 18(3), 1014-1020. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2002.804943Crespo Cuaresma, J., Hlouskova, J., Kossmeier, S., & Obersteiner, M. (2004). Forecasting electricity spot-prices using linear univariate time-series models. Applied Energy, 77(1), 87-106. doi:10.1016/s0306-2619(03)00096-5Conejo, A. J., Contreras, J., Espínola, R., & Plazas, M. A. (2005). Forecasting electricity prices for a day-ahead pool-based electric energy market. International Journal of Forecasting, 21(3), 435-462. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2004.12.005Misiorek, A., Trueck, S., & Weron, R. (2006). Point and Interval Forecasting of Spot Electricity Prices: Linear vs. Non-Linear Time Series Models. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 10(3). doi:10.2202/1558-3708.1362Garcia, R. C., Contreras, J., vanAkkeren, M., & Garcia, J. B. C. (2005). A GARCH Forecasting Model to Predict Day-Ahead Electricity Prices. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 20(2), 867-874. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2005.846044Catalão, J. P. S., Mariano, S. J. P. S., Mendes, V. M. F., & Ferreira, L. A. F. M. (2007). Short-term electricity prices forecasting in a competitive market: A neural network approach. Electric Power Systems Research, 77(10), 1297-1304. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2006.09.022Monteiro, C., Fernandez-Jimenez, L., & Ramirez-Rosado, I. (2015). Explanatory Information Analysis for Day-Ahead Price Forecasting in the Iberian Electricity Market. Energies, 8(9), 10464-10486. doi:10.3390/en80910464González, C., Mira‐McWilliams, J., & Juárez, I. (2015). Important variable assessment and electricity price forecasting based on regression tree models: classification and regression trees, Bagging and Random Forests. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 9(11), 1120-1128. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0655Anbazhagan, S., & Kumarappan, N. (2013). Day-Ahead Deregulated Electricity Market Price Forecasting Using Recurrent Neural Network. IEEE Systems Journal, 7(4), 866-872. doi:10.1109/jsyst.2012.2225733Sharma, V., & Srinivasan, D. (2013). A hybrid intelligent model based on recurrent neural networks and excitable dynamics for price prediction in deregulated electricity market. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 26(5-6), 1562-1574. doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2012.12.012Kuo, P.-H., & Huang, C.-J. (2018). An Electricity Price Forecasting Model by Hybrid Structured Deep Neural Networks. Sustainability, 10(4), 1280. doi:10.3390/su10041280Pórtoles, J., González, C., & Moguerza, J. (2018). Electricity Price Forecasting with Dynamic Trees: A Benchmark Against the Random Forest Approach. Energies, 11(6), 1588. doi:10.3390/en11061588EUPHEMIA Public Description - PCR Market Coupling Algorithmhttp://m.omie.es/files/16_11_28_Euphemia%20Public%20Description.pdf?m=yesReal Decreto 1578/2008, de 26 de Septiembre, de Retribución de la Actividad de Producción de Energía Eléctrica Mediante Tecnología Solar Fotovoltaica para Instalaciones Posteriores a la Fecha Límite de Mantenimiento de la Retribución del Real Decreto 661/2007, de 25 de mayo, para Dicha Tecnologíahttps://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2008/09/27/pdfs/A39117-39125.pdfReal Decreto 244/2019, de 5 de abril, por el que se Regulan las Condiciones Administrativas, Técnicas y Económicas del Autoconsumo de Energía Eléctricahttps://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2019/04/06/pdfs/BOE-A-2019-5089.pd

Impact of Employing Hybrid Nanofluids as Heat Carrier Fluid on the Thermal Performance of a Borehole Heat Exchanger

[EN] In this numerical study, 4 types of hybrid nanofluid, including Ag-MgO/water, TiO2-Cu/water, Al2O3-CuO/water, and Fe3O4-multi-wall carbon nanotube/water, have been considered potential working fluid in a single U-tube borehole heat exchanger. The selected hybrid nanofluid is then analyzed by changing the volume fraction and the Reynolds number. Based on the numerical results, Ag-MgO/water hybrid nanofluid is chosen as the most favorable heat carrier fluid, among others, considering its superior effectiveness, minor pressure drop, and appropriate thermal resistance compared to the pure water. Moreover, it was indicated that all cases of Ag-MgO/water hybrid nanofluid at various volume fractions (from 0.05 to 0.20) and Reynolds numbers (from 3200 to 6200) could achieve better effectiveness and lower thermal resistances, but higher pressure drops compared to the corresponding cases of pure water. Nevertheless, all the evaluated hybrid nanofluids present lower coefficient of performance (COP)-improvement than unity which means that applying them as working fluid is not economically viable because of having higher pressure drop than the heat transfer enhancement.This research work has been supported financially by the European project GEOCOND (funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 727583) and by the European project GEO4CIVHIC (funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 792355).Javadi, H.; Urchueguía Schölzel, JF.; Ajarostaghi, SSM.; Badenes Badenes, B. (2021). Impact of Employing Hybrid Nanofluids as Heat Carrier Fluid on the Thermal Performance of a Borehole Heat Exchanger. Energies. 14(10):1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102892126141

Comparison of alternative harvesting systems for selective thinning in a Mediterranean pine afforestation (Pinus halepensis Mill.) for bioenergy use

[EN] Due to a continuous abandonment of marginal agricultural land, Mediterranean pine forests are growing both in biomass stock and area but remain mainly unmanaged. Pinus halepensis is one of the main pioneer species with strong expansion throughout the Mediterranean basin. In mature forests and pole stands, selective thinnings aimed to eliminate dominated and dead trees are necessary to improve the resilience and persistence of these forest ecosystems. Bioenergy market provides an opportunity to mobilise this woody material, helping to prevent and reduce wildfires in a context of climate change and energy transition. Despite the existing expertise on wood harvesting, there is a lack of practical knowledge about cost-effective methods for bioenergy use of selective thinnings in such forests. The objective of this study was to compare thinning harvesting methods in representative 63-year-old Pinus halepensis afforestation in pole stage for bioenergy uses, following the silvicultural treatments defined in the Spanish forest management plan. Time studies were performed over six representative plots in Navalon (Spain). Treatments included three plots with the traditional stem wood method combined with the logging of forest residues (integrated system), and three plots with the whole tree chipping (whole tree system). Time, productivity and fuel consumption were recorded for both systems. A woodchip quality assessment of each assortment was performed in the laboratory according to European standards. The results obtained demonstrated that time consumption and productivity were similar between the integrated harvesting system and the whole tree system. Regarding the total energy balance, it should be noted that both systems produce woodchips that contain over ten times more energy than that required to mobilise and process the obtained biomass. Fuel consumption, costs and degree of damage were slightly higher in the whole tree system due to the more intensive forwarding operation. The two assortments of woodchips in the integrated system had a higher (chipped log material) and lower quality (chipped crown material) than whole tree woodchips. In conclusion, integrated harvesting is a better option to diminish fuel consumption, cost and environmental impact, and also to obtain better quality woodchips for the production of added value biofuels (pellets).VLA and JVOV conceived the study and draft the manuscript; VLA carried out the field measurements; VLA and GSO carried out the biomass tests in the laboratory; VLA, JVOV and JFUS performed the statistical analysis. This work was partially funded by the Government of Valencia (IVACE, Spain) in the framework of the BIOPELLET project. The authors want to acknowledge the support of the forest company Moixent Forestal, the Municipality of Enguera and the AIDIMME Technology Institute and very especially the support of Dr. Raffaele Spinelli for providing methodological support inthe frame of COST Action FP0902. Finally, a special thank to the reviewers who improved and enriched the publication with their valuable contributions.Lerma Arce, V.; Oliver Villanueva, JV.; Segura-Orenga, G.; Urchueguía Schölzel, JF. (2021). Comparison of alternative harvesting systems for selective thinning in a Mediterranean pine afforestation (Pinus halepensis Mill.) for bioenergy use. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry. 14:465-472. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3636-0144654721

A Review of Recent Passive Heat Transfer Enhancement Methods

[EN] Improvements in miniaturization and boosting the thermal performance of energy conservation systems call for innovative techniques to enhance heat transfer. Heat transfer enhancement methods have attracted a great deal of attention in the industrial sector due to their ability to provide energy savings, encourage the proper use of energy sources, and increase the economic efficiency of thermal systems. These methods are categorized into active, passive, and compound techniques. This article reviews recent passive heat transfer enhancement techniques, since they are reliable, cost-effective, and they do not require any extra power to promote the energy conversion systems' thermal efficiency when compared to the active methods. In the passive approaches, various components are applied to the heat transfer/working fluid flow path to improve the heat transfer rate. The passive heat transfer enhancement methods studied in this article include inserts (twisted tapes, conical strips, baffles, winglets), extended surfaces (fins), porous materials, coil/helical/spiral tubes, rough surfaces (corrugated/ribbed surfaces), and nanofluids (mono and hybrid nanofluids).Ajarostaghi, SSM.; Zaboli, M.; Javadi, H.; Badenes Badenes, B.; Urchueguía Schölzel, JF. (2022). A Review of Recent Passive Heat Transfer Enhancement Methods. Energies. 15(3):1-55. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1503098615515

Large scale evaluation of differences between network-based and pairwise sequence-alignment-based methods of dendrogram reconstruction

[EN] Dendrograms are a way to represent relationships between organisms. Nowadays, these are inferred based on the comparison of genes or protein sequences by taking into account their differences and similarities. The genetic material of choice for the sequence alignments (all the genes or sets of genes) results in distinct inferred dendrograms. In this work, we evaluate differences between dendrograms reconstructed with different methodologies and for different sets of organisms chosen at random from a much larger set. A statistical analysis is performed to estimate fluctuations between the results obtained from the different methodologies that allows us to validate a systematic approach, based on the comparison of the organisms' metabolic networks for inferring dendrograms. This has the advantage that it allows the comparison of organisms very far away in the evolutionary tree even if they have no known ortholog gene in common. Our results show that dendrograms built using information from metabolic networks are similar to the standard sequence-based dendrograms and can be a complement to them.All authors received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement number 308518 (CyanoFactory) (https://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/index_en.cfm).The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Gamermann, D.; Montagud, A.; Conejero, JA.; Fernández De Córdoba, P.; Urchueguía Schölzel, JF. (2019). Large scale evaluation of differences between network-based and pairwise sequence-alignment-based methods of dendrogram reconstruction. PLoS ONE. 14(9):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221631S113149Robinson, D. F., & Foulds, L. R. (1981). Comparison of phylogenetic trees. Mathematical Biosciences, 53(1-2), 131-147. doi:10.1016/0025-5564(81)90043-2Day, W. H. E. (1985). 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