2,618 research outputs found
A Minimalist Model of Characteristic Earthquakes
In a spirit akin to the sandpile model of self-organized criticality, we
present a simple statistical model of the cellular-automaton type which
produces an avalanche spectrum similar to the characteristic-earthquake
behavior of some seismic faults. This model, that has no parameter, is amenable
to an algebraic description as a Markov Chain. This possibility illuminates
some important results, obtained by Monte Carlo simulations, such as the
earthquake size-frequency relation and the recurrence time of the
characteristic earthquake.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure
Statistics of Core Lifetimes in Numerical Simulations of Turbulent, Magnetically Supercritical Molecular Clouds
We present measurements of the mean dense core lifetimes in numerical
simulations of magnetically supercritical, turbulent, isothermal molecular
clouds, in order to compare with observational determinations. "Prestellar"
lifetimes (given as a function of the mean density within the cores, which in
turn is determined by the density threshold n_thr used to define them) are
consistent with observationally reported values, ranging from a few to several
free-fall times. We also present estimates of the fraction of cores in the
"prestellar", "stellar'', and "failed" (those cores that redisperse back into
the environment) stages as a function of n_thr. The number ratios are measured
indirectly in the simulations due to their resolution limitations. Our approach
contains one free parameter, the lifetime of a protostellar object t_yso (Class
0 + Class I stages), which is outside the realm of the simulations. Assuming a
value t_yso = 0.46 Myr, we obtain number ratios of starless to stellar cores
ranging from 4-5 at n_thr = 1.5 x 10^4 cm^-3 to 1 at n_thr = 1.2 x 10^5 cm^-3,
again in good agreement with observational determinations. We also find that
the mass in the failed cores is comparable to that in stellar cores at n_thr =
1.5 x 10^4 cm^-3, but becomes negligible at n_thr = 1.2 x 10^5 cm^-3, in
agreement with recent observational suggestions that at the latter densities
the cores are in general gravitationally dominated. We conclude by noting that
the timescale for core contraction and collapse is virtually the same in the
subcritical, ambipolar diffusion-mediated model of star formation, in the model
of star formation in turbulent supercritical clouds, and in a model
intermediate between the previous two, for currently accepted values of the
clouds' magnetic criticality.Comment: 25 pages, 8 figures, ApJ accepted. Fig.1 animation is at
http://www.astrosmo.unam.mx/~e.vazquez/turbulence/movies/Galvan_etal07/Galvan_etal07.htm
Formation and Collapse of Quiescent Cloud Cores Induced by Dynamic Compressions
(Abridged) We present numerical hydrodynamical simulations of the formation,
evolution and gravitational collapse of isothermal molecular cloud cores. A
compressive wave is set up in a constant sub-Jeans density distribution of
radius r = 1 pc. As the wave travels through the simulation grid, a
shock-bounded spherical shell is formed. The inner shock of this shell reaches
and bounces off the center, leaving behind a central core with an initially
almost uniform density distribution, surrounded by an envelope consisting of
the material in the shock-bounded shell, with a power-law density profile that
at late times approaches a logarithmic slope of -2 even in non-collapsing
cases. The resulting density structure resembles a quiescent core of radius <
0.1 pc, with a Bonnor-Ebert-like (BE-like) profile, although it has significant
dynamical differences: it is initially non-self-gravitating and confined by the
ram pressure of the infalling material, and consequently, growing continuously
in mass and size. With the appropriate parameters, the core mass eventually
reaches an effective Jeans mass, at which time the core begins to collapse.
Thus, there is necessarily a time delay between the appearance of the core and
the onset of its collapse, but this is not due to the dissipation of its
internal turbulence as it is often believed. These results suggest that
pre-stellar cores may approximate Bonnor-Ebert structures which are however of
variable mass and may or may not experience gravitational collapse, in
qualitative agreement with the large observed frequency of cores with BE-like
profiles.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. Associated mpeg files can be found
in http://www.astrosmo.unam.mx/~g.gomez/publica.htm
Energy Assessment of Pressurized Water Systems
[EN] This paper presents three new indicators for assessing the energy efficiency of a pressurized water system and the potential energy
savings relative to the available technology and economic framework. The first two indicators are the ideal and real efficiencies of the system
and reflect the values of the minimum energy required by users the minimum amount of energy to be supplied to the system (because of its
ideal behavior) and the actual energy consumed. The third indicator is the energy performance target, and it is estimated by setting an
ambitious but achievable level of energy loss attributable to inefficiencies in the system (e.g., pumping stations, leakage, friction loss).
The information provided by these three key performance indicators can make a significant contribution towards increasing system efficiency.
The real efficiency indicator shows the actual performance of the system; the energy performance target provides a realistic goal on how the
system should be performing; and finally, the ideal efficiency provides the maximum and unachievable level of efficiency (limited by the
topographic energy linked to the network topography). The applicability and usefulness of these metrics will be demonstrated with an application
in a real case study.The authors acknowledge the very valuable contributions made by the reviewers of this paper, because their comments and suggestions have helped to significantly improve the contents. Additionally, we thank the staff of Aguas de Valencia for providing helpful advice and real case studies used to tune the software tool developed based on this paper. And last but not least, the research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement number 265122. The translation of this paper was funded by the Universitat PolitĂšcnica de ValĂšncia, Spain.Cabrera Marcet, E.; Gomez Selles, E.; Cabrera Rochera, E.; Soriano Olivares, J.; Espert Alemany, VB. (2014). Energy Assessment of Pressurized Water Systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 141(8):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000494S112141
Association of increased Visfatin/PBEF/NAMPT circulating concentrations and gene expression levels in peripheral blood cells with lipid metabolism and fatty liver in human morbid obesity
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is an
adipokine with physiological effects on the control of glucose homeostasis as
well as potentially involved in inflammation. The association of circulating
NAMPT concentrations with obesity has not been clearly established. The aim of
the present work was to evaluate the effect of obesity on circulating
concentrations and gene expression levels of NAMPT in human peripheral blood
cells (PBCs) as well as its involvement in inflammation, glucose and lipid
metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-four serum samples obtained from 14 lean
and 30 obese volunteers were used to analyse the circulating concentrations of
NAMPT. In addition, PBC, omental adipose tissue (OM) and liver biopsy samples
obtained from a subgroup of subjects were used to determine transcript levels of
NAMPT by Real-time PCR. Glucose and lipid profile as well as several inflammatory
factors and hepatic enzymes were analysed. NAMPT circulating concentrations
(P<0.01) and gene expression levels in PBC (P<0.05) were significantly increased
in obese patients as compared to lean subjects. Total-cholesterol (P=0.016),
HDL-cholesterol (P=0.036) and triglycerides (P=0.050) were significant and
independent determinants of circulating concentrations of NAMPT (P<0.01).
Moreover, a positive correlation (P<0.01) was found with the hepatic enzymes
alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and
gamma-glutamyltransferase after BMI adjustment. CONCLUSION: Our work shows that
NAMPT circulating concentrations and mRNA expression levels in PBC are increased
in obese patients and that plasma NAMPT levels are related to inflammation, lipid
metabolism and hepatic enzymes suggesting a potential involvement in fatty liver
disease and in the obesity-associated inflammatory stat
Adiponectin-leptin Ratio is a Functional Biomarker of Adipose Tissue Inflammation
Obesity favors the development of cardiometabolic alterations such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome (MS). Obesity and the MS are distinguished by an increase in circulating leptin concentrations, in parallel to a drop in the levels of adiponectin. Consequently, the Adpn/Lep ratio has been suggested as a maker of dysfunctional adipose tissue. We aimed to investigate in humans (n = 292) the reliability of the Adpn/Lep ratio as a biomarker of adipose tissue dysfunction. We considered that an Adpn/Lep ratio of â„1.0 can be considered normal, a ratio of â„0.5 <1.0 suggests moderate-medium increased risk, and a ratio of <0.5 indicates a severe increase in cardiometabolic risk. Using these cut-offs, 5%, 54% and 48% of the lean, normoglycemic and without-MS subjects, respectively, fall within the group with an Adpn/Lep ratio below 0.5; while 89%, 86% and 90% of the obese, with T2D and with MS patients fall within the same group (p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation (r = -0.21, p = 0.005) between the Adpn/Lep ratio and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations, a marker of adipose tissue dysfunction, was found. We concluded that the Adpn/Lep ratio is a good indicator of a dysfunctional adipose tissue that may be a useful estimator of obesity- and MS-associated cardiometabolic risk, allowing the identification of a higher number of subjects at risk
Altered predictive capability of the brain network EEG model in schizophrenia during cognition
[EN]The study of the mechanisms involved in cognition is of paramount importance for the understanding of the neurobiological substrates in psychiatric disorders. Hence, this research is aimed at exploring the brain network dynamics during a cognitive task. Specifically, we analyze the predictive capability of the pre-stimulus theta activity to ascertain the functional brain dynamics during cognition in both healthy and schizophrenia subjects. Firstly, EEG recordings were acquired during a three-tone oddball task from fifty-one healthy subjects and thirty-five schizophrenia patients. Secondly, phase-based coupling measures were used to generate the time-varying functional network for each subject. Finally, pre-stimulus network connections were iteratively modified according to different models of network reorganization. This adjustment was applied by minimizing the prediction error through recurrent iterations, following the predictive coding approach. Both controls and schizophrenia patients follow a reinforcement of the secondary neural pathways (i.e., pathways between cortical brain regions weakly connected during pre-stimulus) for most of the subjects, though the ratio of controls that exhibited this behavior was statistically significant higher than for patients. These findings suggest that schizophrenia is associated with an impaired ability to modify brain network configuration during cognition
Circulating GDF11 levels are decreased with age but are unchanged with obesity and type 2 diabetes
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth factor ÎČ (TGFÎČ) superfamily
which declines with age and exerts antiâaging regenerative effects in skeletal muscle in mice. However, recent
data in humans and mice are conflicting casting doubts about its true functional actions. The aim of the present
study was to compare the circulating concentrations of GDF11 in individuals of different ages as well as body
weight and glycemic status. Serum concentrations of GDF11 were measured by ELISA in 319 subjects. There was
a significant increase in GDF11 concentrations in people in the 41â50 y group and a decline in the elder groups
(61â70 and 71â80 y groups, P=0.008 for the comparison between all age groups). However, no significant
correlation between fatâfree mass index (FFMI), a formula used to estimate the amount of muscle mass in
relation to height, and logGDF11 was observed (r=0.08, P=0.197). Moreover, no significant differences in
circulating concentrations of GDF11 regarding obesity or glycemic status were found. Serum GDF11
concentrations in humans decrease in older ages being unaltered in obesity and T2D. Further studies should
determine the exact pathophysiological role of GDF11 in aging
Increased circulating and visceral adipose tissue expression levels of YKL-40 in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes are related to inflammation: impact of conventional weight loss and gastric bypass
Context: Plasma YKL-40 is elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes. The potential role of visceral
adipose tissue (VAT) as a significant source of YKL-40 is unknown.
Objective: In the study circulating and expression levels of YKL-40 were examined in VAT analyzing
the contribution of adipocytes and stromovascular fraction cells (SVFCs).Wealso explored YKL-40âs
implication in insulin resistance and inflammation and the effect of weight loss on plasma YKL-40
concentrations.
PatientsandMethods: Samples obtained from 53 subjects were used in the study.Geneandprotein
expression levels of YKL-40 were analyzed in VAT as well as in both adipocytes and SVFCs. In
addition, circulating YKL-40 concentrations were measured before and after weight loss achieved
either by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (n 26) or after a conventional dietetic program (n 20).
Results: Circulating concentrations and VAT expression of YKL-40 were increased in obese patients
with type 2 diabetes (P 0.01) as well as associated with variables of insulin resistance and inflammation.
No differences in YKL-40 expression levels between adipocytes and SVFCs were detected.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and homeostasis model assessment emerged (P
0.01) as independent factors predicting circulating YKL-40. Elevated levels of YKL-40 in obese
patients decreased after weight loss following a conventional hypocaloric diet (P 0.05) but not
via a surgery-induced negative energy balance mediated by the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Conclusions: The association of increased YKL-40 mRNA and protein levels in VAT with its circulating
concentrations indicates an important contribution of VAT in YKL-40 regulation. Furthermore,
our data suggest a relevant role of glucose metabolism and inflammation on YKL-40
regulation
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