THE ARABIC COGNATES OR ORIGINS OF PLURAL MARKERS IN WORLD LANGUAGES: A RADICAL LINGUISTIC THEORY APPROACH

This paper traces the Arabic origins of "plural markers" in world languages from a radical linguistic (or lexical root) theory perspective. The data comprises the main plural markers like cats/oxen in 60 world languages from 14 major and minor families- viz., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Afro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Dravidian, Turkic, Mayan, Altaic (Japonic), Niger-Congo, Bantu, Uto-Aztec, Tai-Kadai, Uralic, and Basque, which constitute 60% of world languages and whose speakers make up 96% of world population. The results clearly show that plural markers, which are limited to a few markers in all languages comprised of s/-as/-at, -en, -im, -a/-e/-i/-o/-u, and have true Arabic cognates with the same or similar forms and meanings, whose differences are due to natural and plausible causes and different routes of linguistic change. Therefore, the results reject the traditional classification of the Comparative Method and/or Family Tree Model of such languages into separate, unrelated families, supporting instead the adequacy of the radical linguistic theory according to which all world languages are related to one another, which eventually stemmed from a radical or root language which has been preserved almost intact in Arabic as the most conservative and productive language. In fact, Arabic can be safely said to be the radical language itself for, besides other linguistic features, sharing the plural cognates in this case with all the other languages alone

The Arabic Origins of Verb 'To Be' in English, German, and French: A Lexical Root Theory Approach

This paper examines the genetic relationship between verb to be forms in Arabic and English mainly as well as German, French, and Latin secondarily. It applies the principles and tools of the lexical root theory according to which be-forms are shown to be true cognates in having the same or similar forms and meanings with slight phonetic, morphological and semantic changes. Unlike traditional comparative historical linguistics views in  which Arabic and English, for example, are classified as members of different language families, it shows how such verb forms  are related to and derived from one another, where Arabic may be their end origin. For example, all s-based forms such as is/was in English, sein, ist in  German, es, soi in French, sum in Latin are true cognates of Arabic kawan/kaan 'be/was' via common sound changes.  

THE ARABIC ORIGINS OF ENGLISH AND INDO-EUROPEAN "URBAN TERMS": A RADICAL LINGUISTIC THEORY APPROACH

This paper traces the Arabic origins of English, German, French, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit "urban terms" from a radical linguistic (or lexical root) theory perspective. The data comprises 130 such terms like abide, building, city, construction, courtyard, hotel, house, live, mansion, mason, palace, metropolis, residence, road, rural, sedentary, sojourn, stay, structure, tent, town, urban, villa, village, zoo, and so on. The results clearly show that all such words have true Arabic cognates with the same or similar forms and meanings, whose differences are due to natural and plausible causes and different routes of linguistic change. Moreover, the results support the adequacy of the radical linguistic theory according to which, unlike the Comparative Method and/or Family Tree Model, Arabic, English, German, French, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit are dialects of the same language or family, renamed Eurabian or Urban family, with Arabic being their origin all for sharing the whole cognates with them and for its huge phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and lexical variety and wealth. Also, they indicate that there is a radical language from which all human languages stemmed and which has been preserved almost intact in Arabic as the most conservative and productive language, without which it is impossible to interpret its linguistic richness and versatility on all levels

The Sociolinguistic Status of Islamic English: A Register Approach

This paper investigates the special use of English by Muslim scholars in different fields of en¬quiry, which has been termed Islamic English by some. The data consists of several pieces of evidence from (i) different kinds of publications in the UK, KSA, Malaysia, and South Africa, (ii) international participant feedback in response to an earlier presentation in a Greek Symposium about the same topic to which this paper is a followup in essence, and (iii) participant observations of Muslims' conversations worldwide. The results indicate that Islamic English is not only real as much as Biblical English is, but it is also a continuum with several varieties ranging from the light to the heavy. It has certain universal features, including lexis, grammar, topic, style, audience, codeswitching, and Arabicity, thus, marking it as a register, variety, or dialect of English which expresses their social and cultural identity. In the conclusion, the paper recommends teaching students Islamic English from the perspective of social and cultural identity

The Arabic Origins of Common Religious Terms in English: A Lexical Root Theory Approach

The aim of this paper is to extend the application of the lexical root theory to the investigation of select religious terms in English and Arabic to prove their genetic relationship. It criticizes and rejects the claims of the Comparative Historical Method that Indo-European languages have no genetic relationship to Arabic whatsoever. It provides further definitive counter evidence that such languages are not only related to Arabic but are also descended from it directly. The evidence concerns Arabic and English words in the area of faith and religion, which have been deliberately excluded from Swadesh’s 100- and 200-word lists used in language family classifications. The paper argues that religious terms are as central as core vocabulary because man’s life is meaningless without faith that opens up windows of future hope and achieves internal and external peace and security. More precisely, it shows how certain extremely common Arabic religious words and expressions exist in today’s English, noting minor phonetic and semantic changes. 

AL-USHÛL AL-‘ARABIYYAH LI ASMÂ AL-ISYÂRAH FÎ LUGHÂT AL-‘ÂLAM MIN MANZHÛR NAZHARIYYAH JADZR AL-KALIMAH

This paper aims to establish the Arabic cognates or origins of "demonstrative pronouns" in the world languages from a radical consonantal (lexical root) theory perspective. The data comprises key demonstrative pronouns like this, that in eleven major and minor families like Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Afro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Dravidian, Turkic, Mayan, Japonic, Niger-Congo, Uto-Aztec, and Tai-Kadai, which make up 60% of world languages and 96% of world population. The results showed that all such demonstrative pronouns have true Arabic cognates with the same or similar forms and meanings. Therefore, the results support the adequacy of the radical consonantal or lexical root theory according to which, unlike the Comparative Method and/or Family Tree Model, all world languages are related to one another. Thus, Arabic can be safely said to be the radical language itself to which all languages can be related for sharing demonstrative pronouns with all languages and for having a huge phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and lexical repertoire

The Arabic Origins or Cognates of English and Indo-European "Case Markings and Word Order": A Radical Linguistic Theory Approach

Abstract This paper traces the Arabic origins or cognates of English, German, French, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit ''case endings'' from a radical linguistic (or lexical root) theory perspective. The data consists of case endings for marking the subject, direct and indirect objects, genitive, and so on like -a, -e, -i, -en, -on, -um, -us, and so on. The results clearly demonstrate that, although they were either greatly simplified or totally lost to be replaced by word order in spoken Arabic and modern European languages, all such endings or morphemes are multifunctional which have true Arabic cognates, with the same or similar forms and functions or meanings, whose differences are all found, however, to be due to natural and plausible causes and different routes of linguistic change. For example, Latin -a, Greek -e/-a, and Arabic -a are identical cognates which may indicate the feminine nominative; Latin -um derives via Greek -on ' singular neuter nominative', from endings or variants with those tongues which they usually don't with one another such as Greek -e and -on and Latin -a and -um; Arabic has them all due to its huge phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and lexical capacity, variety, and wealth. Furthermore, they indicate that there is a radical language from which all human languages stemmed and which has been preserved almost intact in Arabic without which it is impossible to interpret such rich linguistic treasure

Islamic English: An Applied Linguistic Perspective

(No abstract available

Al-Ushûl Al-'Arabiyyah Li Asmâ Al-Isyârah Fî Lughât Al-?Âlam Min Manzhûr Nazhariyyah Jadzr Al-Kalimah = Asal-Usul Bahasa Arab Atau Asal-Usul "Kata Ganti Demonstratif" Dalam Bahasa -Bahasa Di Dunia Dari Perspektif Teori Akar Kata

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk membangun asal-usul bahasa Arab atau asal-usul "kata ganti demonstratif" dalam bahasa-bahasa di dunia dari perspektif teori akar kata. Data ini terdiri dari kata-kata ganti kunci utama seperti ini, seperti Indo-Eropa, Sino-Tibet, Afro-Asia, Austronesia, Dravida, Turki, Maya, Jepang, Niger-Kongo, Uto-Aztec, dan Tai-Kadai, yang merupakan 60% dari bahasa dunia dan 96% penduduk dunia. Hasilpenelitianmenunjukkan bahwa semua kata ganti demonstratif tersebut memiliki bahasa Arab yang sama dengan bentuk dan arti yang sama atau serupa. Oleh karena itu, hasilinimendukung kecukupan teori akar katayang menurutnya,tidak seperti metode komparatif dan/atau model pohon keluarga,semua bahasa dunia terkait satu sama lain. Dengan demikian, bahasa Arab dapat dikatakan memiliki akar katayang dapat digunakan oleh semua bahasa untuk membagikan kata ganti demonstratif dengan semua bahasa dan untuk memiliki repertoar fonetik, morfologis, tata bahasa, dan leksikal yang besar