Crystal structure of 3-benzoyl-2-[(5-bromo-2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene

In the cyclo­hexene ring of the title compound, C23H20BrNO3S, the -(CH2)4- atoms are positionally disordered [occupancy ratio = 0.753 (6):0.247 (6)]. The ring has a half-chair conformation for both the major and minor components. The dihedral angles between the mean plane of the thio­phene ring and those of the benzene and phenyl rings are 35.2 (4) and 57.7 (3)°, respectively. The planes of the two aryl rings are twisted with respect to each other by 86.4 (6)°. In the mol­ecule, there is an O-H...N hydrogen bond forming an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via C-H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains parallel to [100].Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Insulin as a Primary Autoantigen for Type 1A Diabetes

Type 1A diabetes mellitus is caused by specific and progressive autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans whereas the other cell types in the islet (alpha, delta, and PP) are spared. The autoantigens of Type 1A diabetes may be divided into subgroups based on their tissue distributions: Beta-cell-specific antigens like insulin, insulin derivatives, and IGRP (Islet-specific Glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit Related Peptide); neurendocrine antigens such as carboxypeptidase H, insulinoma-associated antigen (IA-2), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), and carboxypeptidase E; and those expressed ubiquitously like heat shock protein 60 (a putative autoantigen for type 1 diabetes). This review will focus specifically on insulin as a primary autoantigen, an essentia l target for disease, in type 1A diabetes mellitus. In particular, immunization with insulin peptide B:9-23 can be used to induce insulin autoantibodies and diabetes in animal models or used to prevent diabetes. Genetic manipulation of the insulin 1 and 2 genes reciprocally alters development of diabetes in the NOD mouse, and insulin gene polymorphisms are important determinants of childhood diabetes. We are pursuing the hypothesis that insulin is a primary autoantigen for type 1 diabetes, and thus the pathogenesis of the disease relates to specific recognition of one or more peptides

CT and ultrasonographic findings in jugular vein ectasia.

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135231/1/jum198439417.pd

(E)-2-[(2-Hydr­oxy-5-nitro­phen­yl)iminiometh­yl]-4-nitro­phenolate

The title mol­ecule, C13H9N3O6, consists of a 2-hydr­oxy-5-nitro­phenyl­iminio group and a 4-nitro­phenolate group bonded to a methyl­ene C atom with both of the planar six-membered rings nearly in the plane of the mol­ecule [dihedral angle = 1.3 (4)°]. Each of the nitro O atoms is twisted slightly out of the plane of the mol­ecule. The amine group forms an intra­molecular hydrogen bond with both nearby O atoms, each of which has partial occupancy of attached H atoms [0.36 (3) and 0.64 (3)]. An extended π-delocalization throughout the entire mol­ecule exists producing a zwitterionic effect in this region of the mol­ecule. The shortened phenolate C—O bond [1.2749 (19)°], in concert with the slightly longer phenol C—O bond [1.3316 (19) Å], provides evidence for this effect. The crystal packing is influenced by extensive strong inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding between the depicted phenolate and hydr­oxy O atoms and their respective H atoms within the π-delocalized region of the mol­ecule. As a result, mol­ecules are linked into an infinite polymeric chain diagonally along the [110] plane of the unit cell in an alternate inverted pattern. A MOPAC AM1 calculation provides support for these observations

Phosphorus recovery: a need for an integrated approach

Increasing cost of phosphate fertilizer, a scarcity of high quality phosphate rock (PR)and increasing surface water pollution are driving aneed to accelerate the recovery and re-use ofphosphorus (P) from various waste sectors. Options to recover P occur all along the open P cycle from mining to households to oceans. However, P recovery as a regional and global strategy towards P sustainability and future food, bio energy and water security is in its infancy because of a number of technological, socio-economic and institutional constraints. There is no single solution and resolving these constraints requires concerted collaboration betweenrelevant stakeholders and an integrated approach combiningsuccessful business models withsocio-economic and institutional change. We suggest that an operational framework is developed for fast tracking cost-effective recovery options

Time resolved spectroscopic investigation of SiD2 + D2: kinetic study

Silylenes (silanediyls) have made an important impact on organosilicon chemistry even if it is of more recent foundation than carbenes in organic chemistry and much less complete. These species are highly reactive intermediates. They play a central role in the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of various silicon-containing thin films which have a technological importance in microelectronics as well as in the dry etching processes of silicon wafers. Spectroscopic methods have been developed to observe these species, a necessary pre-requisite to their direct monitoring. In this work, deuterated phenylsilane precursor, PhSiD3 was chosen for SiD2 because its analogue phenylsilane, PhSiH3 proved to be a good precursor for SiH2 and the high quality decay signals observed revealed that SiD2 be readily detected from PhSiD3 and that if other decomposition pathways (e.g. PhSiD + D2) are occurring, they do not effect measurements of the rate constants for SiD2. The absorption spectrum of SiD2 formed from the flash photolysis of a mixture of PhSiD3 and SF6 at 193nm were found in the region 17384-17391 cm-1 with strong band at 17387.07 cm-1. This single rotational line of pQ1 was chosen to monitor SiD2 removal. Time-resolved studies of SiD2 have been carried out to obtain rate constants for its bimolecular reactions with D2. The reactions were studied over the pressure range 5-100 Torr (in SF6 bath gas) at four temperatures in the range 298-498K. Single decay from 10 photolysis laser shots were averaged and found to give reasonable first-order kinetics fits. Second order kinetics were obtained by pressure dependence of the pseudo first order decay constants and substance D2 pressures within experimental error. The reaction was found to be weakly pressure dependent at all temperatures, consistent with a third-body mediated association process. In addition, SiH2+ H2 reaction is approximately ca. 60% faster than SiD2+D2 reaction. Theoretical extrapolations (using Lindemann-Hinshelwood model and Rice, Ramsperger, Kassel and Marcus (RRKM) theory) were also carried out and obtained data fitted the Arrhenius equations

Acoustic Liner Drag: Further Measurements on Novel Facesheet Perforate Geometries

Over the past several years, the NASA Langley Liner Physics Team has worked to develop methods capable of characterizing the aerodynamic drag of acoustic liners in addition to their acoustic performance. For a given liner, one can compute its resistance factor, , based on static pressure drop measurements. The current study details experiments in the NASA Langley Grazing Flow Impedance Tube to quantify the relative drag of several perforate-over-honeycomb liner configurations at flow speeds of Mach 0.3 and 0.5. The liner facesheets incorporate novel perforate geometries rather than the conventional, round hole designs typically used. Measurements of the resistance factor for each liner are made with and without acoustic excitation. A tonal acoustic source is used at sound pressure levels of 140 and 150 dB over a frequency range of 400 to 3000 Hz when performing acoustic measurements. Educed impedance spectra are calculated to determine the impact of variations in perforate geometry on acoustic performance and the relationship between acoustic and drag performance

(E)-2-[(2-Hydr­oxy-5-nitro­phen­yl)iminiometh­yl]phenolate

In the title mol­ecule, C13H10N2O4, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzene and phenolate rings is 21.6 (4)°. The nitro O atoms are twisted slightly out of the plane of the ring to which the nitro group is attached [dihedral angle 8.4 (3)°]. The amine group forms an intra­molecular hydrogen bond with both nearby O atoms. An extended π delocalization throughout the entire mol­ecule exists producing a zwitterionic effect in this region of the mol­ecule. The shortened C—O bond [1.2997 (15) Å] in concert with the slightly longer C—OH bond [1.3310 (16) Å] provide evidence for this effect. The crystal packing is influenced by strong inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. As a result, mol­ecules are linked into an infinite zigzag chain running along the b axis. A MOPAC PM3 calculation provides support to these observations

Methyl 1-benzyl-5-methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxyl-ate

In the title compound, C26H23NO2, the dihedral angles between the pyrrole ring and the two phenyl rings are 58.1 (6) and 71.5 (5)°. The mean planes of the 5-methyl­benzene ring and the carboxyl group are twisted by 89.5 (3) and 22.1 (9)°, respectively, from the pyrrole ring. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O inter­actions lead to supra­molecular layers in the ab plane