58 research outputs found
Evaluating VaR forecasts under stress: the German experience
We present an analysis of VaR forecasts and P&L-series of all 13 German banks that used internal models for regulatory purposes in the year 2001. To this end, we introduce the notion of well-behaved forecast systems. Furthermore, we provide a series of statistical tools to perform our analyses. The results shed light on the forecast quality of VaR models of the individual banks, the regulator's portfolio as a whole, and the main ingredients of the computation of the regulatory capital required by the Basel rules
Evaluating VaR Forecasts under Stress â The German Experience
We present an analysis of VaR forecasts and P&L-series of all 13 German banks that used internal models for regulatory purposes in the year 2001. To this end, we introduce the notion of well-behaved forecast systems. Furthermore, we provide a series of statistical tools to perform our analyses. The results shed light on the forecast quality of VaR models of the individual banks, the regulator's portfolio as a whole, and the main ingredients of the computation of the regulatory capital required by the Basel rules.banking supervision, VaR, exploratory data analysis, backtesting
Asymptotic behavior of tails and quantiles of quadratic forms of Gaussian vectors
AbstractWe derive results on the asymptotic behavior of tails and quantiles of quadratic forms of Gaussian vectors. They appear in particular in deltaâgamma models in financial risk management approximating portfolio returns. Quantile estimation corresponds to the estimation of the Value-at-Risk, which is a serious problem in high dimension
A filtered no arbitrage model for term structures from noisy data
We consider an affine term structure model of interest rates, where the factors satisfy a linear diffusion equation. We assume that the information available to an agent comes from observing the yields of a finite number of traded bonds and that this information is not sufficient to reconstruct exactly the factors. We derive a method to obtain arbitrage-free prices of illiquid or non traded bonds that are compatible with the available incomplete information. The method is based on an application of the Kalman filter for linear Gaussian systems
Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 is pivotal for intestinal glucose absorption and glucose-dependent incretin secretion.
To clarify the physiological role of Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in small intestine and kidney, Sglt1(-/-) mice were generated and characterized phenotypically. After gavage of d-glucose, small intestinal glucose absorption across the brush-border membrane (BBM) via SGLT1 and GLUT2 were analyzed. Glucose-induced secretion of insulinotropic hormone (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in wild-type and Sglt1(-/-) mice were compared. The impact of SGLT1 on renal glucose handling was investigated by micropuncture studies. It was observed that Sglt1(-/-) mice developed a glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome but thrive normally when fed a glucose-galactose-free diet. In wild-type mice, passage of D-glucose across the intestinal BBM was predominantly mediated by SGLT1, independent the glucose load. High glucose concentrations increased the amounts of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in the BBM, and SGLT1 was required for upregulation of GLUT2. SGLT1 was located in luminal membranes of cells immunopositive for GIP and GLP-1, and Sglt1(-/-) mice exhibited reduced glucose-triggered GIP and GLP-1 levels. In the kidney, SGLT1 reabsorbed âŒ3% of the filtered glucose under normoglycemic conditions. The data indicate that SGLT1 is 1) pivotal for intestinal mass absorption of d-glucose, 2) triggers the glucose-induced secretion of GIP and GLP-1, and 3) triggers the upregulation of GLUT2
Wirtschaftsbauten in der antiken Stadt
Ăber die Wirtschaft der Antike sind wir gut informiert. FĂŒr den Waren- und Geldverkehr standen in den StĂ€dten eigene GebĂ€ude zur VerfĂŒgung, die im römischen Reich von Speicherbauten in bedeutenden Wirtschaftszentren und Hafenorten bis zu Bank- und BörsengebĂ€uden an den zentralen PlĂ€tzen der StĂ€dte reichten. Diese Bauten wurden von ArchĂ€ologen und Bauhistorikern vielfach untersucht, wobei Bauweise und Gestaltung im Vordergrund standen. Wirtschaftshistoriker befassten sich intensiv mit Handels- und GeldgeschĂ€ften, ohne ZusammenhĂ€nge mit Baulichkeiten in den Blick zu nehmen. InterdisziplinĂ€re Zusammenarbeit eröffnet neue Perspektiven. Mit dem Wissen ĂŒber wirtschaftliche VorgĂ€nge lassen sich Bauten besser verstehen, und Bauwerke können ökonomische VorgĂ€nge sichtbar machen. Das wurde beim erstmaligen Gedankenaustausch zwischen den verschiedenen Forschungsdisziplinen rasch deutlich. Der vorliegende Tagungsband enthĂ€lt BeitrĂ€ge ĂŒber Handelsformen und Handelsbeziehungen, er stellt SpeichergebĂ€ude und KaufmannshĂ€user vor und beleuchtet mit dem Magdalensberg bei KĂ€rnten ein bedeutendes Zentrum der Erzgewinnung und der Metallverarbeitung. Einen besonderen Platz nimmt die römische Basilika als groĂartiges Bank- und BörsengebĂ€ude ein, dessen Entwicklung um 200 v. Chr. quasi schlagartig am Forum Romanum begann und die neue Vormacht Rom als Zentrum der antiken Wirtschaft und zentrale Instanz des Wirtschafts- und Steuerrechts mit neuen MaĂstĂ€ben auch stĂ€dtebaulich prĂ€gte. Die beiden letzten BeitrĂ€ge befassen sich mit der weiteren Entwicklung des Begriffes Basilika und seinen Nachwirkungen im Kirchenbau und in der Architekturtheorie bis heute
Super-Hedging and Arbitrage Pricing in Markets with Transaction Costs and Trading Constraints
The arbitrage pricing principle has been used to derive price relations like the Black-Scholes formula and Heath-Jarrow-Morton models in the context of frictionless markets and unconstrained trading. These relations may or may not be good approximations to reality. Even if, they are certainly not enforced by real world arbitrage because of transaction costs and trading constraints
The Cornish-Fisher-Expansion in the Context of Delta-Gamma-Normal Approximations
Qualitative and quantitative properties of the Cornish-Fisher-Expansion in the context of Delta-Gamma-Normal approaches to the computation of Value at Risk are presented. Some qualitative deficiencies of the Cornish-Fisher-Expansion -- the monotonicity of the distribution function as well as convergence are not guaranteed -- make it seem unattractive. In many practical situations, however, its actual accuracy is more than su#cient and the Cornish-Fisher-approximation can be computed faster (and simpler) than other methods like numerical Fourier inversion. This paper tries to provide a balanced view on when and when not to use Cornish-Fisher in this context
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