Potencial Larvicida de Melia Azedarach l. E ilex Paraguariensis st. Hil. No Controle de Aedes Aegypti (linnaeus, 1762) (diptera: Culicidae)

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460X15922The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue. The conventional synthetic products used in the population control of this vector have presented resistance of the populations, in addition to risks to the health of the population and of the applicators themselves. This study was aimed at assessing the larvicidal potential of ethanolic extracts of Ilex paraguariensis and Melia azedarach in the control of A. aegypti in laboratory conditions. The assays were performed in plastic containers with a capacity of 150 ml, where were put 60 ml of the solutions containing different concentrations of the extracts. To this solution, 10 active larvae of the instars L2 and L3 were added. The experiment was accomplished in triplicate by using a control containing only water and food. The susceptibility assessments were accomplished at 24h and 48h after application. The treatments were compared with basis on the amount of live larvae. The efficiency of the tested treatments was recorded by means of the percentage of mortality calculated by the Abbott’s formula (1925). The larvicidal potential of the treatments was 100% for the concentration of 500 µg/mL for the extract of the fruits of M. azedarach (48 h) and 2000 µg/mL for the extracts of the leaves of I. paraguariensis (24 h) and M. azedarach (48 h). The efficiency of the extracts of I. paraguariensis and M. azedarach are promising results. The possibility of use of the extracts of these plants as larvicidal agents for A. aegypti is an accessible alternative before the synthetic product recommended by the Ministry of Health to control dengue.O mosquito Aedes aegypti é o principal vetor da dengue. Os produtos sintéticos convencionais utilizados no controle populacional deste vetor têm apresentado resistência das populações, além de riscos à saúde da população e dos próprios aplicadores. Esse estudo se propôs a avaliar o potencial larvicida de extratos etanólicos de Ilex paraguariensis e Melia azedarach no controle de A. aegypti em condições de laboratório. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em recipientes plásticos com capacidade de 150 ml, onde foram colocados 60 ml das soluções contendo concentrações diferentes dos extratos. A esta solução foram adicionadas 10 larvas ativas dos instares L2 e L3. O experimento foi realizado em triplicata, utilizado um controle contendo apenas água e alimento. As avaliações de susceptibilidade foram realizadas com 24h e 48h após a aplicação. Os tratamentos foram comparados entre si com base no número de larvas vivas. A eficiência dos tratamentos testados foi registrada por meio do percentual de mortalidade calculado pela equação de Abbott (1925). O potencial larvicida dos tratamentos foi de 100% para a concentração de 500 µg/mL para o extrato dos frutos de M. azedarach (48 h) e 2000 µg/mL para os extratos das folhas de I. paraguariensis (24 h) e M. azedarach (48 h). A eficiência dos extratos de I. paraguariensis e M. azedarach são resultados promissores. A possibilidade do uso dos extratos destas plantas como larvicida para A. aegypti representa uma alternativa frente ao produto sintético recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde para o controle da dengue

Aplicação de óleos essenciais em alimentos: uma revisão sobre desafios e perspectivas

Essential oils are compounds that demonstrate the potential to act as natural additives in food products due to the antimicrobial and antioxidant. They are secondary plant metabolites consisting of terpenes and phenylpropanoids. These oils are insoluble in water, volatile and have a strong and characteristic flavor. However, these characteristics can affect the incorporation of these oils in foods. Currently, essential oils have been studied with several alternatives for use in nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, nano and polymeric microparticles. In this context, the objective of this study was to carry out a literature review on essential oils and their functionalities in the food area. To carry out the research, the following keywords were used: essential oil in food, antimicrobial activity and encapsulation methods available in digital banks. Resulting in the importance of using these oils in the meat, dairy and other industries, considering that it can be used as an alternative to traditional synthetic additives. The use of improved technologies tends to help in the stabilization of oils, thus reducing the impacts, reduces organoleptics in foods, as well as the release of their compounds, favoring their potential and increasing the self-life of food products.Os óleos essenciais são uma importante fonte de compostos bioativos com propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas que demonstram potencial para atuarem como aditivos naturais em alimentos. São metabólitos secundários de plantas constituídos principalmente de terpenos e fenilpropanoides. Esses óleos são insolúveis em água, voláteis e possuem odor forte e característico. Porém, essas características podem afetar a incorporação desses óleos nos alimentos. Atualmente os óleos essenciais vêm sendo estudados com diversas alternativas de utilização em nanoemulsões, nanocápsulas, nano e micropartículas poliméricas. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre os óleos essenciais e suas funcionalidades na área alimentícia. Para realizar a pesquisa foram utilizadas as seguintes palavras-chaves: óleo essencial em alimentos, atividades antimicrobiana e antioxidante e métodos de encapsulamento disponíveis nos bancos digitais. Resultando na importância da utilização destes óleos nas indústrias de carnes, lácteos e outras, considerando que o mesmo pode ser empregado como alternativa aos aditivos tradicionais. O uso de tecnologias de encapsulação tende a auxiliar na estabilização dos óleos, reduzindo os impactos organolépticos nos alimentos, assim como, a liberação de seus constituintes (metabólitos secundários), favorecendo as suas potencialidades e aumentando a vida útil dos produtos alimentícios

Efeitos do extrato supercrítico de Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) no controle de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

This study aimed to test the efficiency of the Melia azedarach supercritical extract in controlling Sitophilus zeamais through tarsal contact. The survival of insects was observed every 24 h after the experiment started. A higher mortality of insects was found during the first 72 h. The treatment that had the best performance considering the action time and the number of dead insects was that at 200 μL mL-1 concentration. The mean lethal concentration that kills 50% of the population (LC50) obtained after 96 h treatment was 165.52 µL ml-1, showing that the higher dose can be reduced with satisfactory results for the conditions used in this study. The extract of M. azedarach was effective in controlling S. zeamais under laboratory conditions.O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a eficiência do extrato supercrítico de Melia azedarach no controle de Sitophilus zeamais por meio do contato tarsal. Observou-se a sobrevivência dos insetos a cada 24 h após o início do experimento. Constatou-se que houve maior mortalidade de insetos nas primeiras 72 h. O tratamento que teve melhor desempenho considerando-se a relação tempo de ação e número de insetos mortos foi o de concentração 200 μL mL-1. A concentração letal média que mata 50% da população (CL50) obtida após 96 h do tratamento foi de 165,52 μL mL-1, indicando que a maior dose pode ser reduzida com resultados satisfatórios para as condições empregadas no estudo. O extrato de M. azedarach revelou-se efetivo no controle de S. zeamais em condições de laboratório

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antidiabetic Potential of Philodendron Bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl

Many of the species used in popular medicine do not have their biological activities already proven by scientific studies. Among these species, the endemic South American Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl deserves special attention since it is already in use in popular medicine for inflammation cases, such as erysipelas, orchitis and ulcers. This study evaluated the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antidiabetic activities of extracts of the hastes de P. bipinnatifidum. The ethanolic extract showed a significant antioxidant potential. The ethyl acetate extract resulted in high antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes. The most significant biological activity of ethyl acetate extract relates to its chemical composition when compared with ethanolic extract, which showed the highest concentration of bioactive compounds. In vitro antidiabetic activity was only evaluated for ethyl acetate extract, resulting in inhibition of intestinal disaccharidases (maltase and sucrase) at concentration of 500 μg/mL

Extratos de philodendron bipinnatifidum: avaliação de atividades biológicas in vivo e in vitro e encapsulação pela técnica SEDS

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2018.Muitas das espécies utilizadas na medicina popular ainda não possuem suas atividades biológicas comprovadas por estudos científicos. Entre estas espécies, a Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl (Araceae), que é nativa da América do Sul, merece atenção especial, pois é usada na medicina popular para tratamento de casos de infecções, como erisipela, e inflamações, como orquites e úlceras e também para o tratamento de reumatismo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi a obtenção de extratos de P. bipinnatifidum e avaliação de atividades biológicas in vitro e in vivo, bem como realizar o encapsulamento do extrato de acetato de etila através da técnica SEDS. As atividades antioxidante, antimicrobiana, antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória de extratos dos talos de P. bipinnatifidum, obtidos através de maceração com solventes orgânicos, foram avaliadas. Alta atividade antimicrobiana foi observada para o microrganismo Streptococcus pyogenes com o extrato obtido a partir do solvente acetato de etila, com MIC 3,20 mg·mL-1 e baixa atividade para o extrato etanólico (10,0 mg·mL-1). Baixa atividade antimicrobiana foi observada para os microrganismos Enterococcus faecalis e Listeria monocytogenes para o extrato de acetato de etila, com MIC de 10,0 mg·mL-1, e não huve atividade para o extrato etanólico. Ambos os extratos resultaram em elevada atividade antioxidante, mas o extrato de acetato de etila apresentou resultados significativamente maiores, com IC50 de 27,11 µg·mL-1, quando registrado 59,43 µg·mL-1 para o extrato etanólico. A atividade biológica mais significativa da fração extraída com acetato de etila está relacionada à composição química deste, em comparação com a fração de etanol, que apresentou a maior concentração de compostos bioativos, como flavonoides quercetina, luteolina, apigenina e rutina. O extrato acetato de etila também apresentou maior concentração dos compostos da classe dos fitoesteróis, como o ß-sitosterol, estigmasterol e campesterol. A partir disso, o extrato de acetato de etila foi avaliado quanto a suas ações antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória em testes in vivo, utilizando camundongos Swiss machos. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada através do teste de indução de contorções abdominais por ácido acético, nas doses de 250, 375 e 500 mg·kg-1 e do teste da formalina, na dose de 500 mg·kg-1. O teste de campo aberto foi realizado para avaliar possíveis alterações na locomoção espontânea dos animais. Também foi avaliada a possível participação do sistema opioide no efeito antinocicpetivo do extrato no teste da formalina, utilizando naloxona. A avaliação da atividade anti-inflamatória foi realizada pelo teste do edema de pata induzido por carragenina na dose de 500 mg·kg-1. Parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, como níveis de TBARS e tióis, bem como atividades de SOD e CAT foram avaliados no sangue e tecido da pata dos animais submetidos ao teste da carragenina. A toxicidade aguda do extrato foi investigada usando a diretriz OECD 423. O tratamento oral com o extrato de acetato de etila inibiu em 46,8 e 53,5% as contorções abdominais dos camundongos nas doses de 375 e 500 mg·kg-1, respectivamente, e reduziu o efeito da formalina na fase de dor neurogênica e também na fase de dor inflamatória a 500 mg·kg-1. O extrato não causou alterações na locomoção espontânea dos animais (teste de campo aberto), mas o número de bolos fecais foi significativamente menor para o grupo da dose mg·kg-1 quando comparado ao grupo veículo. O pré-tratamento com naloxona causou inibição significativa da atividade antinociceptiva induzida pelo extrato no teste da formalina, revelando o possível envolvimento dos receptores opioides. O extrato administrado na dose de 500 mg·kg-1 evitou o edema da pata induzido por carragenina até 6 horas após a administração de carragenina. A avaliação dos níveis de TBARS e tióis, atividades das enzimas SOD e CAT no sangue e no tecido da pata dos animais submetidos ao ensaio de carragenina sugerem que o efeito anti-inflamatório do extrato pode estar ligado à inibição do estresse oxidativo. A administração aguda do extrato na dose de 2000 mg·kg-1 não causou mortalidade, demonstrando baixa toxicidade. A partir desses resultados, o extrato de acetato de etila foi submetido à encapsulação pela técnica de Dispersão de Solução Aumentada por Fluidos Supercríticos (SEDS) com o biopolímero PHBV. Os parâmetros concentração de extrato e temperatura foram avaliados a partir de um planejamento fatorial 22 com ponto central, com pressão constante de 80 bar. Maior eficiência de encapsulamento (89,56%) foi verificada utilizando 20 µg·mL-1 de concentração de extrato (relação 1:1 extrato e PHBV) e temperatura de 35 °C. Nessas condições também foi verificado o menor tamanho médio de partículas, resultando em 0,622 ± 0,232 µm, com coeficiente de variação de 37,34%. Análises cromatográficas demonstraram que o processo provocou pequena alteração na composição química do extrato, mantendo seus principais constituintes, como os fitoesteróis, campesterol, estigmasterol e ß-sitosterol. Para o composto ß-sitosterol, houve aumento em torno de 35% em sua concentração no extrato após o processo de encapsulamento.Abstract : Many of the species used in folk medicine do not have their biological activities proven by scientific studies so far. Among these species, Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl (Araceae), which is native from South America, deserves special attention as it is used in popular medicine to treat infections cases such as erysipelas, and inflammations such as orchitis and ulcers, and finally for the treatment of rheumatism. In this context, the objective of this work was to obtain extracts of P. bipinnatifidum and evaluate the biological activities in vitro and in vivo, as well as perform the encapsulation of the ethyl acetate extract through the SEDS technique. We evaluated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of P. bipinnatifidum stems extracts obtained by maceration with organic solvents. We observed high antimicrobial activity for the microorganism Streptococcus pyogenes with the extract obtained from the solvent ethyl acetate, with MIC 3.20 mg·mL-1 and low activity for the ethanolic extract (MIC 10.0 mg·mL-1). Low antimicrobial activity was observed in the Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes microorganisms for the extract of ethyl acetate, with MIC of 10.0 mg·mL-1, and no activity for the ethanol extract. Both extracts resulted in high antioxidant activity, but the ethyl acetate extract presented significantly higher results, with IC50 of 27.11 µg·mL-1, when 59.43 µg·mL-1 was recorded for the ethanolic extract. The most significant biological activity of the fraction extracted with ethyl acetate is related to its chemical composition, in comparison to the ethanol fraction, which presented the highest concentration of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids quercetin, luteolin, apigenin and rutin. The ethyl acetate extract also showed a higher concentration of compounds of the phytosterols class, such as ß-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol. From this, the ethyl acetate extract was evaluated for its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions in in vivo tests using male Swiss mice. We evaluated the antinociceptive activity through the test of induction of abdominal writhing by acetic acid, at doses of 250, 375 and 500 mg·kg-1 and the formalin test at the dose of 500 mg·kg-1. The open field test was performed to evaluate possible changes in the animals' spontaneous locomotion. We also evaluated the possible participation of the opioid system in the antinocicpetive effect of the extract in the formalin test, using naloxone. The evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by the paw edema test induced by carrageenan at a dose of 500 mg·kg-1. Oxidative stress parameters, such as levels of TBARS and NPSH, as well as SOD and CAT activities were evaluated in the blood and paw tissue of animals submitted to the carrageenan test. Acute toxicity of the extract was investigated using OECD directive 423. Oral treatment with ethyl acetate extract inhibited 46.8 and 53.5% of abdominal writhing at doses of 375 and 500 mg·kg-1, respectively, and reduced the effect of formalin in the stage of neurogenic pain and also in the stage of inflammatory pain at 500 mg·kg-1. The extract did not cause changes in the animals' spontaneous locomotion (open field test), but the number of fecal cakes was significantly lower for the 500 mg·kg-1 dose group when compared to the vehicle group. Pretreatment with naloxone caused significant inhibition of the antinociceptive activity induced by the extract in the formalin test, revealing the possible involvement of the opioid receptors. The extract administered at a dose of 500 mg·kg-1 prevented carrageenan-induced paw edema up to 6 hours after administration of carrageenan. Assessment of TBARS and NPSH levels, SOD and CAT enzyme activities in blood and paw tissue of animals submitted to the carrageenan assay suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract may be linked to the inhibition of oxidative stress. Acute administration of the extract at the dose of 2000 mg·kg-1 did not cause mortality, demonstrating low toxicity. From these results, we subjected the ethyl acetate extract to encapsulation by the technique of Solution Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical Fluids (SEDS) with the PHBV biopolymer. The parameters concentration of extract and temperature were evaluated from a 22 factorial planning with central point, with constant pressure of 80 bar. We verified higher encapsulation efficiency (89.56%) using mg·mL-1 extract concentration (ratio 1:1 extract and PHBV) and a temperature of 35 ° C. Under these conditions, the lowest mean particle size was also observed, resulting in 0.622 ± 0.232 µm, with a variation coefficient of 37.34%. Chromatographic analysis showed that the process caused a small change in the chemical composition of the extract, maintaining its main constituents, such as phytosterols, campesterol, stigmasterol and ß-sitosterol. For ß-sitosterol compound, there was an increase of about 35% in its concentration in the extract after the encapsulation process

Insecticidal and growth inhibiting action of the supercritical extracts of Melia azedarach on Spodoptera frugiperda

This study evaluates the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts obtained from the fruit of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, 1797 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), from the larval period until the insect adulthood. For this purpose, a laboratory-scale extraction unit was operated at 60 °C and 200 bar. Larval mortality increased by raising the extract concentration tested: the value of LC50 calculated by Probit analysis was 376.74 mg kg-1, and at a concentration of 5000 mg kg-1, the mortality was 100%. The extract exhibited insect growth inhibitory activity in the higher concentrations (500 mg kg-1, 1000 mg kg-1 and 5000 mg kg-1), due to antifeedant action, resulting in larvae and pupae with mass and body length significantly smaller than the control. At the lowest concentration tested (100 mg kg-1), bioactive effects from the adult stage of the insect were observed, with low viability pupal and adults presenting morphological deformities, hence indicating chronic toxicity effect

Antifeedant and repellent activities of Melia azedarach L. fruit extracts on fall armyworm

The aim of this study was to evaluate the appetite suppression and insecticidal activity of Melia azedarach aerial component extracts on the larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda obtained from the maceration by solvent, ultrasound and supercritical CO2 extraction. Extracts of aerial components of M. azedarach were obtained by three different extraction methods (maceration, ultrasound and supercritical extraction) using different solvents (ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and CO2) for use in testing appetite suppression activity in S.  frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Extracts were sprayed on third instar larvae, which were then placed on corn seedlings. Extracts prepared by ethanol maceration of the fruits and branches showed appetite suppression and repellent activity, extracts of fruits obtained with n-hexane solvent and supercritical CO2  resulted in significantly reduced leaf damage in the corn, with a result equivalent to the positive control (commercial insecticide). Regarding larvae mortality, the supercritical CO2 extract of fruits resulted in the highest S. frugiperda mortality among the tested extracts, equivalent to treatment with positive control. This extract appears to be the most promising for controlling this corn crop insect pest

Coal extraction causes sediment toxicity in aquatic environments in Santa Catarina, Brazil

This study evaluated water parameters in ponds affected by coal extraction. Allium cepa assay was used to measure genotoxicity/mutagenicity of the sediment. Samples were collected from four ponds in the southern state of Santa Catarina. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and turbidity were measured. Sediments were analyzed for heavy metals. Elutriate samples were prepared at a ratio of 1:4 sediment:water. Allium cepa bulbs were placed in samples prepared from each pond, with ultrapure water used as negative control and methyl methane sulfonate as positive control. Root length, mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and nuclear abnormalities were measured. The pH of two ponds, as well as electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen of all ponds were below the minimum limits set by Brazilian regulation. All heavy metals analyzed were found in all sediment samples, but only Cd concentration was above the legal limit set by Brazilian law. Allium cepa root growth for samples from Ponds 1, 2, and 4 was significantly lower than the negative control. Meristematic cells exposed to elutriate samples showed no significant changes in cell division. There was a significant increase in total chromosomal aberrations in all treated samples in comparison with the negative control. This study demonstrates that even low concentrations of heavy metals can damage exposed biota, possibly due to synergistic effects. We also found the A. cepa bioassay to be a simple and useful tool for genotoxicity/mutagenicity analyses, and recommend its use for environmental monitoring and management in areas influenced by mining activities