Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Multi-Perspective Urban Optioneering

This paper investigates the state-of-the-art with respect to simulation-based planning support systems in order to draw a set of requirements and best practices for an urban planning and design framework that enables multiple stakeholders with differing perspectives to systematically explore design options, leveraging the latest analysis and simulation techniques. From these requirements and best practices, the foundations and structure of such an urban planning and design framework are developed. A number of technological and methodological challenges are identified for future investigation.Architectural Engineering +TechnologyArchitecture and The Built Environmen

Renewal of the base model for geographic information of the Netherlands

In 2005 a base model for geographic information in the Netherlands was published named NEN 3610. The model consist of a modeling framework (based on the ISO19100 series) and a collection of extensible base classes. In the following years many organizations have built their models in conformance to this base model (IMRO, TOP10NL, IMTOP, IMWA, IMKICH, IMKL). The implementation of the base model strongly enhances the operational aspect of a successful National Geographic Register and related services. Moreover the base model approach has prepared the Netherlands for implementation of a similar approach followed in the INSPIRE initiative. Based on the experiences and national and international developments we are renewing the base model, this will be finished in 2009. In our paper we share our experiences with the base model of the last few years and give an overview of our proposed changes. The changes come from the following three main sources: NEN 3610 users were asked for change proposals, all current NEN 3610 models were analyzed for harmonization opportunities and finally the INSPIRE specifications that will probably influence many datasets under NEN 3610 were checked. Al these proposals were discussed in a NEN 3610 Framework group resulting in a new version of base model. The most notable changes with respect to the old version are: \u95 The introduction of design patterns as a way to harmonize data models. \u95 How to handle the fact that all organizations have a different way of looking at the world and hence splitting the same world into different classes. \u95 Integration of semantic decisions and implementation decisions in one model. As there are many similarities between the Dutch base model developments and the INSPIRE process we believe that conclusions from this project can be of benefit for the INSPIRE project and vice-versa.GIS TechnologyOTB Research Institut

Advancing Open 3D Modelling Standards in National Spatial Information Policy

Individuals and organisations around the world - facing extraordinary challenges and new opportunities - are together engaged in numerous projects, involving natural and built environments. Spatial information policy is at the heart of these projects. The information technologies available enable individuals to observe, measure, describe, map and portray these environments with increasing ease, flexibility and precision. In our time, individuals create digital geographic objects that reflect the ones of the real world, so that we can better understand it, sharing our understandings and managing our diverse activities. National Spatial Data Infrastructures (NSDIs) provide public information about survey points, elevation, roads, political boundaries and water bodies. Basic aerial images are widely useful, as are data about land use and land cover. The purpose of this paper is to help policy makers understand the role of policy in advancing standards that support the goals of INSPIRE, the overarching European SDI effort, and SDIs in general. To illustrate the role of policy in SDI formation, the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) executive committee in the Netherlands called Geonovum, will be examined. It has been working on behalf of the Dutch Kadaster, the Netherlands Geodetic Commission and the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment towards the establishment of a national 3D standard that aligns both the existing national 2D standards and the International OGC standard for 3D geo-information, CityGML (OGC, 2012). The Netherlands’ CityGML-based national 3D standard is an important step towards the inclusion of comprehensive 3D information about the built and natural environment within the Dutch SDI.OTB ResearchApplied Science

Estimating resist parameters in optical lithography using the extended Nijboer-Zernike theory

Optics Research GroupApplied Science

D1.3 Inventarisatie Standaardisatieveld Energie, Geo en Overheidsdomein: Combineren van Energie en Ruimte Informatie Standaarden als Enabler voor Smart Grids

GIS technologyOTB Research Institute for the Built Environmen

Special Issue on Transparency and Open Data Policies: Guest Editors’ Introduction

Literature and policy reports suggest that open data can be used as a tool to enhance transparency. However, several researchers have challenged the idea that the release of government data will result in increased transparency and the idea that transparency automatically leads to more trust in the government. Moreover, transparency may have undesired effects. Limited research has been conducted on these sometimes conflicting findings and challenges, and on how open data policies should deal with this. It is not clear what encompasses an effective open data policy and how this influences transparency. The papers in this special issue contribute to this area. In the introduction of this special issue we present the state-of-the-art with regard to definitions, developments, research, challenges and barriers related to open data transparency and open data policies. Finally, a summary of the papers included in this special issue is provided.ESSTechnology, Policy and Managemen

Relocatable Energy Storage Systems for Congestion Management

The rapid growth of rooftop solar, and on the rise technologies such as electric vehicles and heat pumps, is leading to congestion problems in low voltage distribution networks. If not dealt with, the congestion will prevent the installation of further units limiting the pace of the energy transition. Energy Storage Systems (ESS) are often seen as the technology with a high potential for congestion reduction. In this paper, we propose to use Relocatable Energy Storage System (RESS) fleet, to physically move the ESS throughout the distribution grid in an effort to alleviate congestion. The proposed method consists of two parts. First, a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) is created to minimise the amount of RESS used and penalise displacement. Second, an algorithm with a Minimum Cost Maximum Matching objective is used to determine the dispatch of each individual RESS. The results on a CIGRE test system show the benefits of this method compared to stationary placed ESS in the grid."Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public."Intelligent Electrical Power Grid

From Geo-data to Linked Data: Automated Transformation from GML to RDF

Linked data provide an alternative route for dissemination of spatial information as compared to the traditional SOA-based SDI approach. Where the latter is built on predefined structuring of semantics within domains, linked data is open to linking information to any data over the Web. In this respect both are complementary. The traditional approach providing a mechanism for a basis of standardized and structured data within domains, and linked data providing an open mechanism for sharing and combining. GML as the ISO standard for exchange of service based spatial data and RDF as the linked data format are therefore related. GML provides the format in which many spatial datasets are available and exchanged. This standardization process and effort has been realized on a large scale. Why not let the web of linked data take advantage of this effort? This article will focus on the use of GML structured data as a source for deriving RDF structured data. The first part of the paper focusses on deriving linked data from GML data. The first version of GML, v1.0, was based on RDF. From version 2.0 onwards GML was based on XML and XML Schema, but the object-property structure was retained. We describe a transformation for translating any correctly structured GML to RDFS/OWL automatically, using XSLT. Because GML’s object-property structure translates very well to triples, the transformation is straightforward. Well-known GML content elements such as names and descriptions are mapped to their RDF equivalent. However, any semantics specific to the input GML data (a.k.a. the application schema) are ignored in this translation. In the second part, we study how more meaningful RDF can be created from GML, given the underlying information model, by transforming it from UML to RDFS/OWL. There exists a straightforward mapping to convert a UML model into a RDFS/OWL vocabulary. However, the re-use of existing concepts in vocabularies takes a central role in RDFS/OWL while in UML the use of vocabularies is not supported. We describe how annotating the UML model could improve this translation.OTB ResearchOTB Research Institute for the Built Environmen

Linking spatial data: Automated conversion of geo-information models and GML data to RDF

Linked data provide an alternative route for the dissemination of spatial information compared to the traditional SOA-based SDI approach. The traditional approach has provided a wealth of standardized and structured location data based on Geography Markup Language (GML), while linked data provides an open mechanism for sharing and combining this data with anything, once the data is available as linked data. The first part of the paper focuses on deriving linked data from GML data. In the second part, we study how more meaningful data, expressed in Resource Description Framework (RDF) can be created from GML, given the underlying information model, by transforming it from Unified Modeling Language (UML) to Web Ontology Language (OWL).OTBArchitecture and The Built Environmen