Similarities and differences in the protein composition of cutaneous melanoma cells and their exosomes identified by mass spectrometry

Intercellular transport of proteins mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs)—exosomes and ectosomes—is one of the factors facilitating carcinogenesis. Therefore, the research on protein cargo of melanoma-derived EVs may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in melanoma progression and contribute to the development of alternative biomarkers. Proteomic data on melanoma-derived EVs are very limited. The shotgun nanoLC-MS/MS approach was applied to analyze the protein composition of primary (WM115, WM793) and metastatic (WM266-4, WM1205Lu) cutaneous melanoma cells and exosomes released by them. All cells secreted homogeneous populations of exosomes that shared a characteristic set of proteins. In total, 3514 and 1234 unique proteins were identified in melanoma cells and exosomes, respectively. Gene ontology analysis showed enrichment in several cancer-related categories, including cell proliferation, migration, negative regulation of apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The obtained results broaden our knowledge on the role of selected proteins in exosome biology, as well as their functional role in the development and progression of cutaneous melanoma. The results may also inspire future studies on the clinical potential of exosomes

Pomoc bagatelna jako szczególna forma wsparcia publicznego małych i średnich przedsiębiorców

De minimis aid – as an aid of marginal size is characterized by its small amount and inability to affect competition on the internal market – can be granted to companies without notifying the European Commission. All issues related to its functionality are regulated by various legal acts both national and supranational. The main source of law regarding soft aid is regulation of the European Commission (EU) No. 1407/2013. Among Polish regulations, the crucial meaning is given to the Act of 30 April 2004 on proceedings in public aid cases and regulation of the Council of Ministers, supplementing and further developing the Act. In this article, the author analyses current regulations concerning soft aid. She presents rule for granting de minimis aid, a transparent procedure of awarding and monitoring. In the context of her reflections and provided data from the years 2012–2016, the author shows growth in power of the biggest beneficiaries of the soft aid, that is micro-, medium and small sized entrepreneurs, who are the driving force of economic development in Poland.Pomoc de minimis – jako pomoc bagatelna, cechująca się niewielkimi rozmiarami i niezdolnością do zakłócenia konkurencji na rynku wewnętrznym – może być przyznawana przedsiębiorcom bez konieczności zgłaszania Komisji Europejskiej. Problematyka związana z jej funkcjonowaniem jest uregulowana w różnorodnych aktach prawa krajowego i międzynarodowego. Podstawowym źródłem prawa dotyczącym wsparcia bagatelnego jest rozporządzenie Komisji (UE) nr 1407/2013. Na gruncie regulacji polskich decydujące znaczenie przypisuje się ustawie z dnia 30 kwietnia 2004 r. o postępowaniu w sprawach dotyczących pomocy publicznej i rozporządzeniom Rady Ministrów uzupełniającym i rozwijającym postanowienia ustawowe. W niniejszym artykule autorka poddaje analizie obecnie obowiązujące przepisy w przedmiocie pomocy bagatelnej oraz wskazuje na zasady udzielania pomocy de minimis, przejrzystą procedurę jej przyznawania i proces jej monitorowania. W kontekście swoich rozważań i przytaczanych danych liczbowych z lat 2012–2016 wskazuje na rosnącą rolę największych beneficjentów pomocy bagatelnej, czyli mikro, małych i średnich przedsiębiorców, będących siłą napędową rozwoju gospodarczego w Polsce

Podmiotowość i samodzielność związku międzygminnego w świetle decentralizacji władzy publicznej

Autorka przedstawia charakter prawny i kompetencje związków międzygminnych, które wskutek zaimplementowania zasady decentralizacji otrzymały przymioty władztwa publicznego. Podkreśla się samodzielność i niezależną pozycję tychże podmiotów prawa publicznego

Nieznana korespondencja Adama Naruszewicza

The article contains editions of seven unknown, so far unpublished, letters by Adam Naruszewicz. As many as six of them were written in years 1792–1793, which is the period when Naruszewicz was permanently staying at the home of Łuck bishops – Janów Podlaski. It is the least thoroughly investigated period of the bishop’s life. The published correspondence mostly concerns managing the bishop’s estate and the problems related to it. However, the motifs concerning particular individuals have also allowed for making a number of biographical clarifications related to the closest family of Adam Naruszewicz.Materiał zawiera edycje siedmiu nieznanych, niepublikowanych dotychczas listów Adama Naruszewicza. Aż sześć z nich napisano w latach 1792–1793, a zatem w czasach, gdy Naruszewicz na stałe przebywał w siedzibie biskupów łuckich – Janowie Podlaskim. Jest to najmniej znany odcinek życia biskupa. Opublikowana korespondencja w głównej mierze dotyczy zarządzania biskupimi dobrami i problemów z tym związanych. Pojawiające się w niej wątki związane z konkretnymi osobami pozwoliły także dokonać pewnych sprostowań biograficznych odnoszących się do najbliższej rodziny Adama Naruszewicza

Sytuacja uwięzionych kobiet w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym

The first legal document that introduced a distinction of treatment between imprisoned men and women was created during the interwar period. At that time, the need to differentiate the execution of the penalty methods between men and women was emphasized. This particular period initiated the beginning of formulating separate regulations related to the issue of imprisoned women. At first, they were treated as a homogeneous population. However, after some time, the need for alternative treatment of female prisoners, especially pregnant and breastfeeding, was noticed. Gradually, taking into account gender differences in the penitentiary interactions, slow evolution was taking place, especially in the context of disciplinary punishment, locating in prison cells, employment, board or permitted clothing. The solutions adopted at that time are considered to be the foundations of today’s Polish prison system. The aim of this article is to illustrate the living conditions of women imprisoned in Polish prisons in years 1918–1939.W dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym powstał pierwszy akt prawny, który wprowadzał odrębność postępowania wobec kobiet przebywających w warunkach izolacji penitencjarnej. Dostrzeżono, że sposoby i metody wykonywania kary pozbawienia wolności wobec kobiet powinny być inne niż wobec mężczyzn. Okres dwudziestolecia międzywojennego to początek formułowania się odrębnych przepisów w tej materii. Mimo początkowego traktowania uwięzionych kobiet jako homogenicznej populacji, zaczęto zwracać uwagę na potrzebę odmiennego postępowania z więźniarkami – szczególnie brzemiennymi i karmiącymi. Następowała powolna ewolucja uwzględniająca odrębności płci w oddziaływaniach penitencjarnych, zwłaszcza w kontekście karania dyscyplinarnego, rozmieszczenia w celach mieszkalnych, zatrudnienia, wyżywienia i wyposażenia kobiet. Wprowadzone wówczas rozwiązania niewątpliwie stanowią podwaliny więziennictwa polskiego, na podstawie których kształtował się funkcjonujący dzisiaj system penitencjarny. Celem niniejszego artykułu jestukazanie warunków życia kobiet osadzonych w polskich więzieniach w latach 1918–1939

Why do we keep ignoring sex in kidney disease?

Disparity; Pharmacokinetics; WomenDisparidad; Farmacocinética; MujeresDisparitat; Farmacocinètica; DonesThroughout the history of nephrology, little attention has been paid to the sex and gender differences in kidney disease. This lack of awareness prevents optimal diagnosis and management of kidney disease. In today's world of precision medicine, it is imperative to appreciate the differential factors regarding gender and kidney disease. This editorial summarizes the up-to-date literature regarding sex and gender differences in kidney disease and considers areas where knowledge is incomplete and where further research is needed. We address sex-specific effects on chronic kidney disease epidemiology; risks of dialysis underdosing and medication overdosing in women; unexplained loss of female sex advantage in life expectancy during dialysis, and impact of sex on diagnosis and management of genetic kidney disease. We also aim to highlight the impact of gender on kidney health and raise awareness of disparities that may be faced by women, and transgender and gender-diverse persons when a male-model approach is used by healthcare systems. By understanding the link between sex and kidney disease, kidney specialists can improve the care and outcomes of their patients. In addition, research on this topic can inform the development of targeted prevention and intervention strategies that address the specific needs and risk factors of different populations

The phenomenon of self-healing among people over 65 in the Lublin region

Introduction Self-medication is a phenomenon that has been accompanying people for centuries. Nowadays, it is gaining strength due to increasing health awareness and greater availability of medicines. Self-medication significantly relieves the public health care system and can be considered as a positive phenomenon of public health. However, it involves threats such as polypharmacy, drug interactions or delayed diagnosis of serious diseases, especially dangerous for the elderly. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of self-healing among patients of one of Lublin's hospitals and their determinants. Material and methods The research was carried out between May and August 2014 among 140 aged over 65 years patients of Hospital of Jan of God in Lublin and members of their families. The study used methods s diagnostic survey and a questionnaire constructed by the authors. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis using the STATISTICA 13.0 program. Significance of intergroup differences was verified using the Pearson Chi-square test. Results 79.29% of respondents admitted that they buy over-the-counter drugs. The ailments that were the cause of self-medication were the common cold (32.14%), pain (29.29%), weakness of the body (19.29%), gastrointestinal complaints (12.14%) and inflammation of the upper respiratory tract ( 9.29%). Conclusions Self-medication among seniors is a very common phenomenon. Nearly half of the seniors surveyed change their medical recommendations, most often shortening the time of using drugs only to relieve symptoms or taking medications selectively. Therefore, there is a need for intensive education of patients regarding self-medication with the use of over-the-counter drugs

Sleep disordered breathing in patients with heart failure

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a common co-morbidity in patients with heart failure(HF). Both its forms — central and obstructive sleep apnea — are highly prevalent in thispopulation. SDB fragments sleep, impairs life quality, worsens exercise tolerance, worsens HFand is an independent predictor of poor prognosis. Still, SDB remains largely undiagnosed.Therefore, early detection of SDB seems to be of primary importance, especially in the presenceof new diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Treatment with continuous positive airwaypressure (CPAP) increases left ventricular ejection fraction and stroke volume in virtually allHF patients with obstructive and in 50% with central sleep apnea. For those in whom centralsleep apnea is not suppressed by CPAP, a trial of adaptive servoventilation is recommended.Although no randomized, controlled trials have shown improvement in mortality, several observationalstudies have shown that effective treatment of both forms of sleep apnea with variouspositive airway pressure devices improves survival of HF patients. Currently, 2 large trials withnewer masked based therapies with adaptive servoventilation are in progress. This article isa brief overview of present knowledge, the pathophysiology, diagnostic approach and therapy ofSDB