2,687 research outputs found

    Spindynamik in Elektronensynchrotronen

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    Um unser VerstĂ€ndnis des Aufbaus der Materie voranzutreiben sind Experimente mit hochenergetischen Teilchen erforderlich, bei denen alle Eingangsparameter bekannt sind und variiert werden können. Zu diesen gehört auch die Spinausrichtung der Teilchen. Die Bereitstellung spinpolarisierter Teilchenstrahlen mit Kreisbeschleunigern erfordert die BerĂŒcksichtigung depolarisierender Resonanzen, die bei bestimmten Strahlenergien die Polarisation vollstĂ€ndig zunichtemachen können. Die Spindynamik unter dem Einfluss solcher Resonanzen wird aufgrund der KomplexitĂ€t eines Beschleunigers und der Vielzahl an Teilchen vor allem numerisch behandelt. Auf kurzen Zeitskalen bis zu Sekunden, wie bei Energierampen in einem Synchrotron, werden dazu Spintracking-Verfahren eingesetzt. FĂŒr Elektronenstrahlen spielt dabei auch die Synchrotronstrahlung eine entscheidende Rolle. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde das Spintracking-Programm Polematrix fĂŒr Elektronensynchrotrone entwickelt, welches ein ideales Werkzeug zur Untersuchung der EinflĂŒsse der Synchrotronlichtabstrahlung auf die Spindynamik ist. Es ermöglicht insbesondere Studien mit verschiedenen Modellen der longitudinalen Strahldynamik. So wurden erstmals Spintracking-Simulationen auf Basis eines realistischen Teilchentrackings des etablierten Programms Elegant durchgefĂŒhrt. Die numerischen Studien zeigen die Effekte, die zur Depolarisation eines Elektronenstrahls fĂŒhren: Durch die verglichen mit Protonenstrahlen um GrĂ¶ĂŸenordnungen höhere Synchrotronfrequenz treten die SynchrotronseitenbĂ€nder depolarisierender Resonanzen als separate Resonanzen auf. Außerdem verschwindet Polarisation senkrecht zur stabilen Spinachse durch die DekohĂ€renz der einzelnen SpinprĂ€zessionen, wobei die Geschwindigkeit der Depolarisation ĂŒber die Optik des Beschleunigers verĂ€ndert werden kann. Polematrix ist fĂŒr beliebige Elektronenbeschleuniger nutzbar und leicht zugĂ€nglich, weil es die weitverbreiteten Lattice-Dateien von MAD-X und Elegant als Eingangsdateien nutzt, und wurde als Open-Source-Programm veröffentlicht. Die Beschleunigeranlage ELSA am Physikalischen Institut der UniversitĂ€t Bonn ist derzeit das weltweit einzige Elektronensynchrotron mit polarisiertem Strahl. Es werden verschiedene dedizierte Maßnahmen zur Kompensation depolarisierender Resonanzen eingesetzt, deren Optimierung entscheidend fĂŒr das Erreichen eines hohen Polarisationsgrades ist. Unter dem Einfluss stetiger Weiterentwicklungen desBeschleunigers konnte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit der höchste bisher bei ELSA gemessene Polarisationsgrad erreicht werden. Außerdem wurde ein verbessertes Korrekturschema zur Kompensation von Imperfektionsresonanzen in Betrieb genommen und dessen FunktionalitĂ€t mit Messungen und Spintracking-Simulationen nachgewiesen. DarĂŒber hinaus wurden bei ELSA einzigartige Polarisationsmessungen durchgefĂŒhrt, die die spezifische Spindynamik von Elektronenstrahlen zeigen und deren korrekte Modellierung durch das Spintracking-Programm Polematrix bestĂ€tigen.Spin Dynamics in Electron Synchrotrons Providing spin polarized particle beams with circular accelerators requires the consideration of depolarizing resonances which may significantly reduce the desired degree of polarization at specific beam energies. The corresponding spin dynamical effects are typically analyzed with numerical methods. In case of electron beams the influence of the emission of synchrotron radiation has to be taken into account. On short timescales, as in synchrotrons with a fast energy ramp or in damping rings, spin dynamics are investigated with spin tracking algorithms. This thesis presents the spin tracking code Polematrix as a versatile tool to study the impact of synchrotron radiation on spin dynamics. Spin tracking simulations have been performed based on the well established particle tracking code Elegant. The numerical studies demonstrate effects which are responsible for beam depolarization: Synchrotron side bands of depolarizing resonances and decoherence of spin precession. Polematrix can be utilized for any electron accelerator with minimal effort as it imports lattice files from the tracking programs MAD-X or Elegant. Polematrix has been published as open source software. Currently, the Electron Stretcher Accelerator ELSA at Bonn University is the only electron synchrotron worldwide providing a polarized beam. Integer and intrinsic depolarizing resonances are compensated with dedicated countermeasures during the fast energy ramp. Polarization measurements from ELSA demonstrate the particular spin dynamics of electrons and confirm the results of the spin tracking code Polematrix

    Sydnone methides - a forgotten class of mesoionic compounds for the generation of anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes

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    Sydnone methides are described from which only one single example has been mentioned in the literature so far. Their deprotonation gave anions which can be formulated as π-electron rich anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. Sulfur and selenium adducts were stabilized as their methyl ethers, and mercury, gold as well as rhodium complexes of the sydnone methide carbenes were prepared. Sydnone methide anions also undergo C−C coupling reactions with 1-fluoro-4-iodobenzene under Pd(PPh3)4 and CuBr catalysis. 77Se NMR resonance frequencies and 1JC4-Se as well as 1JC4-H coupling constants have been determined to gain knowledge about the electronic properties of the anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. The carbene carbon atom of the sydnone methide anion 3 j resonates at ÎŽ=155.2 ppm in 13C NMR spectroscopy at −40 °C which is extremely shifted upfield in comparison to classical N-heterocyclic carbenes

    Ethynyl-Bridged Bis-quinolinium Dyes : Studies of the Dependence of Different Types of Conjugation on Spectroscopic Properties

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    Dicationic bis-quinolinium salts possessing different types of conjugation are presented in which the hetareniums are separated by acetylenic or 1,4-diethynylbenzene spacers. Cross-conjugation is induced by interconnections via the 3-positions of the heteroareniums, and conjugation is realized by 2,2/2,4/4,4-interconnections. We also synthesized mixed cross-conjugated/conjugated 2,3/4,3-interconnected species. The different types of conjugation determine the charge distribution according to the rules of resonance which translate into characteristic C-13 NMR as well as UV-Vis-spectroscopic properties, LUMO geometries, and chemical properties. We found that the triple bond's resonance frequencies are sensitive C-13 NMR spectroscopic indicators for the type of conjugation. Combining cross-conjugated and conjugated structure elements of dicationic bis-quinolinium dyes via triple bonds without additional benzene spacer results in considerable bathochromic shifts of the UV-Vis absorption maxima [Delta lambda(max)approximate to 100 nm]. A charge transfer was calculated from the HOMO of the conjugated into the LUMO of the cross-conjugated partial structure.Peer reviewe

    Specific detection of dengue and Zika virus antibodies using envelope proteins with mutations in the conserved fusion loop

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    Detection of antibodies is widely used for the diagnosis of infections with arthropod-borne flaviviruses including dengue (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Due to the emergence of ZIKV in areas endemic for DENV, massive co-circulation is observed and methods to specifically diagnose these infections and differentiate them from each other are mandatory. However, serological assays for flaviviruses in general, and for DENV and ZIKV in particular, are compromised by the high degree of similarities in their proteins which can lead to cross-reacting antibodies and false-positive test results. Cross-reacting flavivirus antibodies mainly target the highly conserved fusion loop (FL) domain in the viral envelope (E-) protein, and we and others have shown previously that recombinant E-proteins bearing FL-mutations strongly reduce cross-reactivity. Here we investigate whether such mutant E-proteins can be used to specifically detect antibodies against DENV and ZIKV in an ELISA-format. IgM antibodies against DENV and ZIKV virus were detected with 100% and 94.2% specificity and 90.7% and 87.5% sensitivity, respectively. For IgG the mutant E-proteins showed cross-reactivity, which was overcome by pre-incubation of the sera with the heterologous antigen. This resulted in specificities of 97.1% and 97.9% and in sensitivities of 100% and 100% for the DENV and ZIKV antigens, respectively. Our results suggest that E-proteins bearing mutations in the FL-domain have a high potential for the development of serological DENV and ZIKV tests with high specificity

    Formation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase at Constant Potentials:a Model Study on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

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    The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphite anodes is a key enabler for rechargeable lithium ion batteries (LIBs). It ensures that only Li+ ions and no damaging electrolyte components enter the anode and hinders electrolyte decomposition. Its growth should be confined to the initial SEI formation process and stop once the battery is in operation to avoid capacity/power loss. In technical LIB cells, the SEI is formed at constant current, with the potential of the graphite anode slowly drifting from higher to lower voltages. SEI formation rate, composition, and structure depend on the potential and on the chemical properties of the anode surface. Here, we characterize SEIs formed at constant potentials on the chemically inactive basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) detects carbonate‐species only at lower formation potentials. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) with Fc/Fc+ as an electrochemical probe demonstrate how the formation potential influences ion transport and electrochemical kinetics to and at the anode surface, respectively. Breaking the EIS data down to a Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) reveals distinct kinetics and transport related peaks with varying Arrhenius‐type temperature dependencies. We discuss our findings in the context of previous electrochemical studies and existing SEI models and of SEI formation protocols suitable for industry

    Intrakranielle Hypertension – und was macht der Blutdruck?

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    Borane adducts of punicine and of its dehydroxy derivatives (pyridinium-1-yl)-2-and 3-phenolates

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    The natural product punicine (Punica granatum) exists in two tautomeric forms, the cross-conjugated mesomeric betaine 1-(pyridinium-1-yl)-2-hydroxy-phenyl-5-olate and the conjugated mesomeric betaine 1-(pyridinium-1-yl)-5-hydroxy-phenyl-2-olate. Punicine as well as its picoline derivatives reacted with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane exclusively at the 2'-olate group to form zwitterionic borates. Correspondingly, the 5'-dehydroxy derivate of punicine, the conjugated heterocyclic mesomeric betaine 1-(pyridinium-1-yl)-phenyl-2-olate and its picoline derivatives also gave borates, whereas analogous reactions of the cross-conjugated isomer 2'-dehydroxypunicine [1-(pyridinium-1-yl)-phenyl-3-olatel did not result in the formation of stable adducts. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

    Sydnonmethide - fast vergessene Mesoionen als VorlĂ€ufermolekĂŒle von anionischen N-heterocyclischen Carbenen

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    Wir beschreiben Sydnonmethide, von denen bisher nur ein einziges Beispiel in der Literatur erwĂ€hnt worden war. Sydnonmethide können zu Anionen deprotoniert werden, die als π-elektronenreiche anionische N-heterocyclische Carbene formulierbar sind. Schwefel- und Selenaddukte konnten wir als ihre Methylether stabilisieren sowie Quecksilber-, Gold- und Rhodiumkomplexe von Sydnonmethiden herstellen. Die Anionen von Sydnonmethiden gehen zudem C-C-Kupplungsreaktionen mit 1-Fluor-4-iodbenzol unter Pd(PPh3)4- und CuBr-Katalyse ein. Zur AbschĂ€tzung der elektronischen Eigenschaften dieser anionischen N-heterocyclischen Carbene bestimmten wir die 77Se-NMR-Resonanzfrequenzen und die 1JC4-Se-Kopplungskonstanten der Selen-Addukte sowie die 1JC4-H-Kopplungskonstanten der mesoionischen VorlĂ€ufermolekĂŒle. Im Vergleich zu klassischen N-heterocyclischen Carbenen erscheint das Carben-Kohlenstoffatom des Sydnonmethid-Anions 3 j in den bei −40 °C gemessenen 13C-NMR-Spektren mit ÎŽ=155.2 ppm bei extrem hohem Feld
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