The Butcher-Oemler Effect in Abell 2317

This paper presents deep narrow band photometry of the cluster A2317 (z=0.211) carried out using KPNO 4 m and Steward 2.3 m telescopes. Using rest frame Stromgren photometry, it is determined that A2317 has an unusually high fraction of blue galaxies (the Butcher-Oemler effect) for its redshift (f_B=0.35). We demonstrate that the ratio of blue to red galaxies has a strong dependence on absolute magnitude such that blue galaxies dominate the top of the luminosity function. Spectrophotometric classification shows that a majority of the red galaxies are E/S0's, with a small number of reddened starburst galaxies. Butcher-Oemler galaxies are shown to be galaxies with star formation rates typical of late-type spirals and irregular. Starburst systems were typically found to be on the lower end of the cluster luminosity function. In addition, blue galaxies are preferentially found in the outer edges of the cluster, whereas the red galaxies are concentrated in the cluster core.Comment: 23 pages including 1 table and 6 figures, AASTeX v4.0. Accepted by Ap.J. Data, referee report and response are avaliable from http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~j

Cluster Populations in A115 and A2283

This paper presents four color narrow-band photometry of clusters A115 ($z=0.191$) and A2283 ($z=0.182$) in order to follow the star formation history of various galaxy types. Although located at similar redshifts, the two clusters display very different fractions of blue galaxies (i.e. the Butcher-Oemler effect, $f_B = 0.13$ for A115, $f_B = 0.30$ for A2283). A system of photometric classification is applied to the cluster members that divides the cluster population into four classes based on their recent levels of star formation. It is shown that the blue population of each cluster is primarily composed of normal starforming (SFR < 1 M_{\sun} yrs$^{-1}$) galaxies at the high luminosity end, but with an increasing contribution from a dwarf starburst population below $M_{5500}= -20$. This dwarf starburst population appears to be the same population of low mass galaxies identified in recent HST imaging (Koo et al 1997), possible progenitors to present-day cluster dwarf ellipticals, irregulars and BCD's. Deviations in the color-magnitude relationship for the red galaxies in each cluster suggest that a population of blue S0's is evolving into present-day S0 colors at this epoch. The radial distribution of the blue population supports the prediction of galaxy harassment mechanisms for tidally induced star formation operating on an infalling set of gas-rich galaxies.Comment: 28 pages including 2 tables and 9 figures, AASTeX v4.0. Accepted by Ap.J. Data, referee report and response are avaliable from http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~j

Exploring the use of manual therapy as an adjunctive therapy to 'care as usual' on outcomes in chronic migraine.

Although chronic migraine (CM) has an estimated of worldwide annual prevalence of between1.4% and 2.2%, with the greatest impact on females, the understanding of its pathophysiology is still largely unknown. This has led to a lack of effective treatments and at the time of this study Onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox) was the only medication licensed specifically for CM. However, whilst there are other treatment options, including psychological and physical therapies, their effectiveness in CM is uncertain. A rationale for the use of MT in CM was developed from a narrative review, with a systematic literature review of peer reviewed publications confirming limited research into the role of MT in the treatment of CM. The aim of this study was therefore to explore the effectiveness of manual therapy (MT) as an adjunctive treatment to 'care as usual' in females with CM, using a pragmatic, randomised controlled trial (RCT) in a tertiary headache clinic. Sixty-four female participants with severe CM were randomised into two groups: 'care as usual' and 'care as usual' with MT. The primary outcome was the between group difference in change scores using the Headache Impact Test (HIT6). Secondary outcomes included Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) and responder rates. The primary outcome favoured the use of adjunctive treatment with a significant difference in between-group HIT6 change scores. The MT group also had significantly higher responder rates in the HIT6 and PGIC outcomes. The presence of higher baseline levels of cutaneous allodynia, negative coping and emotional distress indicated a greater benefit from the combined MT/ 'care as usual' intervention than 'care as usual' alone. This was the first MT-CM RCT to take place in a UK tertiary NHS headache clinic and contributed new knowledge in several areas: (1) the first use of PGIC outcomes to be reported in an adjunctive CM study which suggested it provides a broader and potentially more patient centred measure of treatment effectiveness, compared to the HIT6 alone. (2) the potential to use movement between allodynia symptom checklist (ASC) categories as a better indication of reduction in allodynia brought about by MT rather than the normal dichotomous cut off score. (3) the first MT-CM study to examine psychological factors and propose that 'care as usual' treatment may be reinforcing negative coping behaviours and maintaining disability in treatment of CM. This study contributes to a body of knowledge on MT for CM, and concluded that MT plus 'care as usual' produced better outcomes versus 'care as usual' alone in females severely affected by CM

The Color-Magnitude Relation in Coma: Clues to the Age and Metallicity of Cluster Populations

We have observed three fields of the Coma cluster of galaxies with a narrow band (modified Stromgren) filter system. Observed galaxies include 31 in the vicinity of NGC 4889, 48 near NGC 4874, and 60 near NGC 4839 complete to M_5500=-18 in all three subclusters. Spectrophotometric classification finds all three subclusters of Coma to be dominated by red, E type (ellipticals/S0's) galaxies with a mean blue fraction, f_B, of 0.10. The blue fraction increases to fainter luminosities, possible remnants of dwarf starburst population or the effects of dynamical friction removing bright, blue galaxies from the cluster population by mergers. We find the color-magnitude (CM) relation to be well defined and linear over the range of M_5500=-13 to -22. After calibration to multi-metallicity models, bright ellipticals are found to have luminosity weighted mean [Fe/H] values between -0.5 and +0.5, whereas low luminosity ellipticals have [Fe/H] values ranging from -2 to solar. The lack of CM relation in our continuum color suggests that a systematic age effect cancels the metallicity effects in this bandpass. This is confirmed with our age index which finds a weak correlation between luminosity and mean stellar age in ellipticals such that the stellar populations of bright ellipticals are 2 to 3 Gyrs younger than low luminosity ellipticals.Comment: 26 pages AAS LaTeX, 6 figures, accepted for publication in A

A thesis production of Cat on a hot tin roof by Tennessee Williams

The purpose of this thesis is to present a practical manuscript for directing a production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof by Tennessee Williams. The thesis is divided into three sections, each with a separate purpose and in completion to allow for an exact record of the production. The purpose of Part One is to explore the historical and critical aspects of the play. These aspects include background information, personal influences, character evaluations, stylistic considerations, setting, and justifications. The purpose of Part Two is to provide an exact record of the production via the director's prompt book. Notations in Part Two include blocking, picturization, stage business, and tempo cues. The purpose of the final part is to evaluate the production as an entire theatrical experience. This section includes achievement of the end result in comparison to the original concept, actor-director relationships, and an evaluation of audience reactions to the production

Operators whose dual has non-separable range

Let $X$ and $Y$ be separable Banach spaces and $T:X\to Y$ be a bounded linear operator. We characterize the non-separability of $T^*(Y^*)$ by means of fixing properties of the operator $T$.Comment: 20 pages, no figure