Beyond Evangelical Theology\u27s Scholasticism and Pietism? A Review of A Future for Truth: Evangelical Theology in a Postmodern World, by Henry H. Knight III

A review of A Future for Truth: Evangelical Theology in a Postmodern World by Henry H. Knight III

Actual Versus Predicted VO2max: A Comparison of 4 Different Methods

ABSTRACT Measuring expired gases (EGs) while performing a maximal (max) effort exercise test is considered the most accurate evaluation of VO2 max. This methodology is not applicable for all populations. Submaximal (sub-max) protocols not measuring expired gases are more applicable, however their ability to accurately predict VO2max is not clear. PURPOSE: To compare VO2max results from 1) University of Houston Non-Exercise Test (UHNET), 2) McArdle Step Test (MST), 3) Bruce Protocol measuring EGs to max (Bruce-EGs), and 4) Bruce Protocol using time to max (Bruce-TM). METHODS: Recreationally active men and women {n= 24 (16M/8W); age = 25±7.7 years; body mass = 74.5±10.9kg; BMI = 24.3±2.9} completed 4 tests (on the same day) in the following order: 1) UHNET, 2) MST, 3) Bruce-EGs, and 4) Bruce-TM. For the UHNET, participants rated his/her physical activity (PAR). This was followed with a specified equation to estimate the participants VO2 max based on their PAR, age, BMI, and gender. Upon completion of the UHNET, participants performed the MST. The MST required participants to step on a 16.25inch bench at a specific cadence (different for men and women) for 3 minutes. Five seconds following the MST, radial pulse (RP) was assessed for 15 seconds. The radial pulse was converted to HR (beats/min) using the formula (RP*4). To estimate VO2max from the MST, the HR value was applied to a specific equation (different for men and women). Ten minutes after completing the MST, participants performed the Bruce protocol to max. For the Bruce Protocol, VO2max was calculated via 1) measurement of EGs and 2) the time it took to achieve max (TM). Expired gases were measured using a metabolic cart (Parvo Medics TrueOne 2400). To estimate VO2max using TM, the Bruce Protocol Time Formula (different for men and women) was applied. In addition to EGs and TM, HRmax, and Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) were assessed. Significant differences (p2 (Bruce-EGs) and estimated VO2 (UHNET, MST, and Bruce-TM) were determined using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Pearson correlations and liner regression were performed to determine the relationship between the estimated and actual VO2, as well as, determine how well the estimated VO2 predicted the actual VO2. RESULTS: For the Bruce protocol, HRmax=192±10.1bpm; RER=1.2±0.1, and TM=11.29±1.5 min. For the MST, the average HR was 144±23.3bpm. The actual VO2 (46.3±9.4 ml•kg-1•min -1) was similar to the estimated VO2 from UHNET (45.7±5.6 ml•kg-1•min-1) (p=.67) and MST (47.7±10.1 ml•kg-1•min-1) (p=.32). However, the VO2 obtained from the Bruce-TM (42.3±6.7 ml•kg-1•min-1) was significantly lower (p2 . Significant correlations (p2 and all predicted VO2 values. Liner regression equations expressed an R2 of .38, .61, and .65 for UHNET, MST, and Bruce-TM, respectively. CONCLUSION: Bruce-TM provided the most accurate estimation of the actual VO2max. The MST was slightly less predictive of VO2max though still a valid predictor. The results of this study suggest that to accurately predict VO2max, individuals will need to achieve max effort but might not need to have EGs analyzed. The MST results suggest that estimating VO2max on individuals who do not achieve max effort is still a valid option though might not be as accurate as when achieving max effort. These results should be taken with caution. This study was limited by 1) a small sample size, 2) evaluated only 2 modes of exercise, 3) a potential bias due to non-randomized trials, and 4) evaluated only healthy, active individuals. Increasing the sample size, comparing more methodologies, and randomizing the trials could strengthen the validity of any future investigations

A global fit of top quark effective theory to data

In this paper we present a global fit of beyond the Standard Model (BSM) dimension six operators relevant to the top quark sector to currently available data. Experimental measurements include parton-level top-pair and single top production from the LHC and the Tevatron. Higher order QCD corrections are modelled using differential and global K-factors, and we use novel fast-fitting techniques developed in the context of Monte Carlo event generator tuning to perform the fit. This allows us to provide new, fully correlated and model-independent bounds on new physics effects in the top sector from the most current direct hadron-collider measurements in light of the involved theoretical and experimental systematics. As a by-product, our analysis constitutes a proof-of-principle that fast fitting of theory to data is possible in the top quark sector, and paves the way for a more detailed analysis including top quark decays, detector corrections and precision observables.Comment: Additional references and preprint code added. Minor error in generation of plots fixed, no conclusions affecte

Results from TopFitter

We discuss a global fit of top quark BSM couplings, phrased in the model-independent language of higher-dimensional effective operators, to the currently available data from the LHC and Tevatron. We examine the interplay between inclusive and differential measurements, and the complementarity of LHC and Tevatron results. We conclude with a discussion of projections for improvement over LHC Run II.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on the CKM Unitarity Triangle, 28 November - 3 December 2016, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, Indi

A Comparison of the Effects of Moderate-Intensity Continuous Cycling and High-Intensity Interval Cycling on Postprandial Lipemia and Glycemia

Both moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has been reported to reduce the magnitude of postprandial lipemia and glycemia. It is unclear if performing MICE or HIIE of similar duration and work would have a comparable effect on postprandial lipemia or glycemia. PURPOSE: Examine the postprandial lipemic and glycemic response following the completion of high-intensity interval cycling (HIIC) and moderate-intensity continuous cycling (MICC) that is of equal duration and comparable work output. METHODS: Participants were mildly active males (n = 12; age = 21.9 ± 1.8 yrs; body mass = 90.1 ± 16.8 kg; BF% = 25.9 ± 8.6). Each participant completed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine their maximal work rate (WRmax). For the study, each participant completed a bout of 1) REST, 2) MICC, and 3) HIIC in a randomized order. Each bout was performed for 20 minutes on the afternoon of Day 1. Each bout was separated by at least 1 week. Rest involved sitting quietly in the laboratory. MICC required continuous cycling at 60% WRmax. HIIC involved 15-second cycling sprints at 120% WRmax followed with 45 seconds of cycling at 40% WRmax. A mixed meal (50% carbohydrate (CHO), 35% fat, 6.4 ± 1.2 kcal/kgBW) was provided 30 minutes following the completion of each bout. Blood samples were acquired just prior to each bout and at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 hours following the completion of the meal (post-meal). The next morning (Day 2), following a 10-hour fast, a 2nd mixed meal was provided. Blood samples on Day 2 were acquired at 0, 2, and 4 hours post-meal. Blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, and triglyceride (TG) concentration. The postprandial (PP) response was quantified via the total (AUCT)and incremental area under the curve (AUCI) using the trapezoidal method. Significant differences (pRESULTS: The average heart rate was significantly higher (p=.037, ES = 1.1) during HIIC (163.3 ± 7.3) compared to MICC (154.4 ± 8.5). Average work output (Watts) was similar between MICC (122.5 ± 25.4) and HIIC (110.3 ± 14.7) (p = .091, ES = .51). On Day 1, there was no significant difference in the PP glucose, insulin, or TG response between the 3 bouts. On Day 2, there was no significant difference in the PP glucose or insulin response. On Day 2, MICC did reduce the TG AUCT (442.9 ± 76.4mg·dl-1·4hr-1) when compared to rest (487.4 ± 104.4mg·dl-1·4hr-1) (p = .02, ES = .43). HIIC did not reduce the TG AUCT on Day 2 (454.8 ± 72.3mg·dl-1·4hr-1), (p = .076, ES = .31). There was no difference in the AUCI between the 3 bouts for any of the postprandial measurements on Day 1 or Day 2. CONCLUSION: A brief bout of MICC and HIIC does not influence the PP response when completed just prior to a mixed meal. There may be a delayed response to exercise as MICC reduced the postprandial triglyceride (PPTG) concentration when completed approximately 16 hours prior to a mixed meal. While HIIC did not reduce PPTG on Day 2 there was a trend towards a significant reduction. The delayed reduction in the PPTG concentration may be associated with a delayed increase in lipoprotein lipase activity which may occur 4 – 18 hours following the completion of exercise. The lack of change in the PP glucose and insulin response might be explained by a wide inter-individual variance as half of the participants appeared to have responded to the exercise bouts based on their PP glucose and insulin concentration

A Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Running and TABATA on Postprandial Metabolism: A Pilot Analysis

PURPOSE: Compare the postprandial response following: 1) rest, 2) high-intensity interval running (HIIR), and 3) Tabata. METHODS: Recreationally active males (n = 7; age = 24.3 ± 4.8 yrs; body mass = 86.9 ± 20.1 kg; body fat% = 23.6 ± 6.2) performed each of the 3 bouts (in a randomized order) on 3 separate mornings with at least 7 days in between each bout. All participants were fasted for 10 hours prior to each bout. Rest was sitting for 25 minutes. Tabata was 25 minutes of repeated cycles of body calisthenics at maximal effort for 20 seconds followed with 10 seconds of rest. HIIR was performed the same as Tabata except the mode of exercise was treadmill running. Heart rate (HR) was monitored during both exercise bouts. The energy expenditure (kcal) from each exercise bout was estimated using the exercise HR and a regression equation. Thirty minutes following the completion of each bout, participants ingested a 75g oral glucose solution (OGS). At 2 hours following each bout, a high-fat meal (HFM) was ingested. Blood samples were acquired just prior to each bout and at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours following the OGS. Postprandial blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, and triglyceride (TG) concentration. The postprandial response was quantified via the incremental area under the curve (AUCI) using the trapezoidal method. Significant differences (p\u3c.05) in the postprandial response between the 3 bouts were determined using a one-way, repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test. RESULTS: Average HR (bpm) during Tabata (167.6±7.1) was significantly lower (p=.04, ES= -.49) compared to HIIR (171.4±8.2). Energy expenditure was similar during Tabata (384.4 ± 35.5 kcal) and HIIR (404.5 ± 42.9 kcal) (p=.06, ES=.51). No statistically significant difference was found in the TG AUCI between rest (175.7 ± 102.6 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) and Tabata (161.5 ± 86.8 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) (p = .73, ES = .14) or between rest and HIIR (126.7 ± 74.6 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) (p = .14, ES = .48). No statistically significant difference was found in the glucose AUCI between rest (80.8 ± 61.7 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) and Tabata (41 ± 48.3 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) (p = .29, ES = .65) or between rest and HIIR (51 ± 32.1 mg· dl-1· 6hr-1) (p = .13, ES = .48). No statistically significant difference was found in the insulin AUCI between rest (126.8 ± 55.8 µIU-1· ml∙6hr-1) and Tabata (74.5 ± 50 µIU-1· ml∙6hr-1) (p = .07, ES = .94) or between rest and HIIR (75.5 ± 33.3 µIU-1· ml∙6hr-1) (p = .13, ES = .92). CONCLUSION: Neither exercise regimen significantly reduced the postprandial TG response. The inability of either exercise bout to lower the TG response might be due to the consumption of the oral glucose solution post-exercise resulting in partial replacement of the expended energy. Previous studies have reported that partial or complete replacement of expended energy inhibits the ability of the exercise to lower the postprandial TG concentration. Despite no statistical difference, the postprandial glucose and insulin response following the exercise bouts might have been meaningful. HIIR lowered the glucose response in 6 of 7 participants by 3.5 to 71.7%. Tabata lowered the glucose response in 5 of 7 participants by 27.1 to 92.9%. HIIR lowered the insulin response in 5 of 7 participants by 10.9 to 77%. Tabata lowered the insulin response in 5 of 7 participants by 36.6 to 77.9%. The small sample size used in this study might also explain why no statistical difference was found. Previous studies evaluating Tabata-like exercises with a larger sample size have reported conflicting postprandial results. Using a larger sample size in the current study might have clarified the effectiveness of the exercises