National Educators' Workshop: Update 1988. Standard Experiments in Engineering Materials Science and Technology

Presented here is a collection of experiments presented and demonstrated at the National Educators' Workshop: Update 88, held May 10 to 12, 1988 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersberg, Maryland. The experiments related to the nature and properties of engineering materials and provided information to assist in teaching about materials in the education community

National Educators' Workshop: Update 1989 Standard Experiments in Engineering Materials Science and Technology

Presented here is a collection of experiments presented and demonstrated at the National Educators' Workshop: Update 89, held October 17 to 19, 1989 at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, Virginia. The experiments related to the nature and properties of engineering materials and provided information to assist in teaching about materials in the education community

National Educators' Workshop: Update 1991. Standard Experiments in Engineering Materials Science and Technology

Given here is a collection of experiments presented and demonstrated at the National Educators' Workshop: Update 91, held at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory on November 12-14, 1991. The experiments related to the nature and properties of engineering materials and provided information to assist in teaching about materials in the education community

From the Arctic to the Tropics: The U.S. UNCLOS Bathymetric Mapping Program

Since CHC2006, the University of New Hampshire’s Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center has mapped with multibeam, the bathymetry of an additional ~220,000 km2 of seafloor in areas as diverse as the Arctic, the Northern Marianas of the western Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. The mapping supports any potential U.S. submission for of extended continental shelves under Article 76 of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. Consequently, the mapping has concentrated on capturing the complete extent of the 2500-m isobath and the zone where the Article 76-defined foot of the slope exists. In practice, the complete area between ~1500 and ~4500 m water depths is mapped in each region (with the exception of the Arctic Ocean). The data have been collected in conditions that range from harsh Arctic sea ice to the calms of the Philippine Sea tropics. Although, some of the conditions have limited the quality of some of the data, the data quality is generally quite good and geological surprises have been uncovered on each of the cruises

Combined electronic nose and tongue for a flavour sensing system

We present a novel, smart sensing system developed for the flavour analysis of liquids. The system comprises both a so-called "electronic tongue" based on shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) sensors analysing the liquid phase and a so-called "electronic nose" based on chemFET sensors analysing the gaseous phase. Flavour is generally understood to be the overall experience from the combination of oral and nasal stimulation and is principally derived from a combination of the human senses of taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction). Thus, by combining two types of microsensors, an artificial flavour sensing system has been developed. Initial tests conducted with different liquid samples, i.e. water, orange juice and milk (of different fat content), resulted in 100% discrimination using principal components analysis; although it was found that there was little contribution from the electronic nose. Therefore further flavour experiments were designed to demonstrate the potential of the combined electronic nose/tongue flavour system. Consequently, experiments were conducted on low vapour pressure taste-biased solutions and high vapour pressure, smell-biased solutions. Only the combined flavour analysis system could achieve 100% discrimination between all the different liquids. We believe that this is the first report of a SAW-based analysis system that determines flavour through the combination of both liquid and headspace analysis

Mapping in the Arctic Ocean in Support of a Potential Extended Continental Shelf

Under Article 76 of The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS; U.N. 1997), coastal states may, under certain circumstances, gain sovereign rights over the resources of the seafloor and subsurface of “submerged extensions of their continental margin” beyond the recognized 200 nautical mile (nmi) limit of their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The establishment of an “extended continental shelf” (ECS) under Article 76 involves the demonstration that the area of the ECS is a “natural prolongation” of a coastal state’s territorial landmass and then the application of a series of formulae and limit lines that are based on determination of the “foot of the slope,” (defined in Article 76 as the maximum change in gradient at it’s base), the underlying sediment thickness, and the locations of the 2500 m isobath and the 350 nmi line from the territorial sea base line. Although the United States has not yet acceded to the UNCLOS, increasing recognition that implementation of Article 76 could confer sovereign rights over large and potentially resource-rich areas of the seabed beyond its current 200 nautical mile (nmi) limit has renewed interest in the potential for accession to the treaty and spurred U.S. efforts to map area of potential “extended continental shelf”

High Resolution Mapping in support of UNCLOS Article 76: Seeing the seafloor with new eyes

Since 2003, the Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) has been conducting multibeam mapping of many U.S. continental margins in areas where there is a potential for an extended continental shelf as defined under Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. UNH was directed by Congress, through funding by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, to map the bathymetry in areas in the Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Northwest Atlantic, northern Gulf of Mexico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll (Fig. 1). The purpose of these surveys is to accurately locate the 2500-m isobath and to collect the bathymetry data required to eventually determine the location of the maximum change in gradient on Figure 1. Locations and year of bathymetry mapping (yellow areas) for U.S. UNCLOS concerns. the continental rises. A total area of about 862,000 km2 has been completed; approximately 250,000 km2 remains to be mapped. The area between the ~1000 and ~4800-m isobaths has been mapped on each of the completed margins. The mapping has been conducted with multibeam echosounders (MBES) that typically collect soundings with a spacing of ~50 m or less in the focused water depths. After each area is mapped, the data are gridded at 100-m spatial resolution although higher resolution is possible in the shallower regions. The depth precision achieved on all of the cruises has been \u3c1% of the water depth and typically has been \u3c0.5% of the water depth, based on cross-line comparisons. Navigation on all of the cruises has been acquired with inertial-aided DGPS using commercial differential corrections that provide 2 position accuracies much better than ±5 m. All of the MBES systems used produce acoustic backscatter as well as bathymetry but the backscatter quality varies among systems and conditions. Table 1 is a summary of the mapping completed and of areas yet to be mapped for bathymetry. The data are all processed at sea by UNH personnel during their collection and the data, grids and views of the processed data are posted on the worldwide web soon after completion of each area. The data, grids and images can be viewed and downloaded at http://ccom.unh.edu/law_of_the_sea.html