The effect of horizontal transmission on the spread of <i>Wolbachia</i> through populations.

<p>Simulations were performed to explore the effect of horizontal transmission on the prevalence of <i>Wolbachia</i>. The blue lines are where there was no horizontal transmission (<i>w</i> = 0), the dashed orange line was a low rate (<i>w</i> = 0.01), and the solid orange line a moderate rate of horizontal transmission (<i>w</i> = 0.06). A: The effect of horizontal transmission when there is not effect of <i>Wolbachia</i> on host fitness and no reproductive manipulation (<i>H</i> = 1, <i>F</i> = 1). B: <i>Wolbachia</i> induces cytoplasmic incompatibility (<i>H</i> = 0.1, <i>F</i> = 1). C: <i>Wolbachia</i> carries a fitness benefit (<i>H</i> = 1, <i>F</i> = 1.05). In all cases the starting prevalence was <i>p</i> = 0.01 and the rate of imperfect maternal transmission was <i>μ</i> = 0.03.</p