História do desenvolvimento do terrorismo, caso de criminologia da quarta onda

According to studies, global terrorism seen four periods, each based on its own set of political relations. This paper examines the factors and analyzes the relationship between religion-based ideologies in terrorism, crime, because of achieving prevention strategies by understanding the causes of its occurrence. In other words, the authors explain in the areas of influence of the religious motives of another form of terrorism. Today's motive only, in his mid-term well-known international crime, show as one of the leading wave with this new feature, distinguishing itself from the previous three periods. Investigating what caused this behavior characterized by secularism and the separation of religion from politics, today flavor to god somewhere that killing the innocent in order to please God done. At the end of this kind of terrorism prevention strategies and new theories proposed to provide security, psychology and criminology are followed.Según los estudios, el terrorismo global ha visto cuatro períodos, cada uno basado en su propio conjunto de relaciones políticas. Este documento examina los factores y analiza la relación entre religión e ideologías basadas en la religión en el terrorismo, la delincuencia, debido a la consecución de estrategias de prevención mediante la comprensión de las causas de su ocurrencia. En otras palabras, los autores explican en las áreas de influencia de los motivos religiosos de otra forma de terrorismo. El motivo de hoy, solo, en su conocido crimen internacional a mediano plazo, se muestra como una de las olas principales con esta nueva característica, que se distingue de los tres períodos anteriores. Investigando qué causó este comportamiento caracterizado por el secularismo y la separación de la religión de la política, hoy en día dan sabor a Dios en algún lugar cuando mata a inocentes para agradar a Dios. Al final de este tipo de estrategias de prevención del terrorismo y nuevas teorías propuestas para proporcionar seguridad, la psicología y la criminología siguieron.Segundo estudos, o terrorismo global viu quatro períodos, cada um baseado em seu próprio conjunto de relações políticas. Este documento examina os fatores e analisa a relação entre as ideologias baseadas na religião no terrorismo, crime, devido à realização de estratégias de prevenção, compreendendo as causas de sua ocorrência. Em outras palavras, os autores explicam nas áreas de influência dos motivos religiosos de outra forma de terrorismo. O motivo de hoje, sozinho, em seu bem conhecido crime internacional no médio prazo, é mostrado como uma das principais ondas com essa nova característica, que difere dos três períodos anteriores. Investigando o que causou esse comportamento caracterizado pelo secularismo e a separação entre religião e política, hoje eles dão sabor a Deus em algum lugar que mata inocentes para agradar a Deus. No final deste tipo de estratégias de prevenção do terrorismo e novas teorias propostas para fornecer segurança, psicologia e criminologia seguido

Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Behavior of Conductive Fractures using a Hybrid Finite Difference – Displacement Discontinuity Method

Large amounts of hydrocarbon reserves are trapped in fractured reservoirs where fluid flux is far more rapid along fractures than through the porous matrix, even though the volume of the pore space may be a hundred times greater than the volume of the fractures. These are considered extremely challenging in terms of accurate recovery prediction because of their complexity and heterogeneity. Conventional reservoir simulators are generally not suited to naturally fractured reservoirs’ production history simulation, especially when production processes are associated with large pressure and temperature changes that lead to large redistribution of effective stresses, causing natural fracture aperture alterations. In this case, all the effective processes, i.e. hydraulic, thermal and geomechanical, should be considered simultaneously to explain and evaluate the behavior of stress-sensitive reservoirs over the production period. This is called thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling. In this study, a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical approach is developed to simulate the physical behavior of fractures in a plane strain thermo-poroelastic medium. A hybrid numerical method, which implements both the finite difference method (FDM) and the displacement discontinuity method (DDM), is established to study the pressure, temperature, deformation and stress variations of fractures and surrounding rocks during production processes. This method is straightforward and can be implemented in conventional reservoir simulators to update fracture conductivity as it uses the same grid block as the reservoir grids and requires only discretization of fractures. The hybrid model is then verified with couple of analytical solutions for the fracture aperture variation under different conditions. This model is implemented for some examples to present the behavior of fracture network as well as its surrounding rock under thermal injection and production. The results of this work clearly show the importance of rate, aspect ratio (i.e. geometry) and the coupling effects among fracture flow rate and aperture changes arising from coupled stress, pressure and temperature changes. The outcomes of this approach can be used to study the behavior of hydraulic injection for induced fracturing and promoting of shearing such as hydraulic fracturing of shale gas or shale oil reservoirs as well as massive waste disposal in the porous carbonate rocks. Furthermore, implementation of this technique should be able to lead to a better understanding of induced seismicity in injection projects of all kinds, whether it is for waste water disposal, or for the extraction of geothermal energy.1 yea

Expression of E-cadherin in primary breast cancer and its correlation with prognostic factors

Background and aim: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and after lung cancer it is the second cause of death in women. Different biological markers are being used for determination of prognosis and patients’ responses to the therapy regimes. E-cadherin is one of these markers. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of E-cadherin expression in primary breast cancer and its correlation with the grade size of tumor and axillary lymph nodes involved. Methods: This cross –sectional study was performed on 85 patients with primary breast cancer who were admitted in Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Tehran Iran (2003-2007). One section was prepared from the tumoral tissue and lymph nodes sections from all patients and they were stained with H & E. In another tissue section E-cadherin was evaluated by a immunohistochemical method and then the tumor size its grade and the number of lymph nodes involved were determined. The data were analyzed with SPSS software 11.5 using Chi-square Mann –Whitney and Spearman correlation tests. Results: Our data showed that 95.3% of the samples were positive for E-cadherin and 67.1% of the patients had lymph nodes involvement. The average size of the tumor was found 3.09±1.33 cm. In this study 41% of the tissue samples were stained with E-caherin more than 75% (3+). No significant relationship was found between E-cadherin expression and related variables but a significantly reverse relationship was found between E-cadherin expression and the grade tumor size and the number of lymph nodes involved (

FAILING OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION BY DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS DUE TO MICROINJECTION OF COLCHICINE IN RAT'S CORTICAL AREA 1

ABSTRACTObjective: Colchicine has been introduced recently as a neurotoxin with damage effect on neurons of hippocampal cortical area 1 (CA1). Effect ofcolchicine, a plant derived neurotoxin on memory retrieval was explored experimentally by means of novelty seeking task in intact Wistar rats.Methods: The subjects were cannulated by stereotaxic apparatus at coordinates adjusted for the CA1 area. After recovery, all animals experiencedthe novelty seeking paradigm using an unbiased conditioning device. First, they were habituated with the conditioned place preference (CPP)apparatus. They were then confined in one part of the CPP box for 3 consecutive days. Finally, the animals were microinjected colchicine (1-25 μg/rat)intra‑hippocampal CA1 prior to testing. Control group was cannulated too, but, solely injected saline (1-μl/rat, intra-CA1). The time spent in the novelpart of the device and the motivational signs of the rats were measured. Furthermore, the possible cell injury effect of the toxin on the CA1 layer wasverified.Results: The alkaloid caused significant novelty seeking behavior in the experimental animals though did not show a significant effect on thecompartment entering. The destruction effect of the neurotoxin on the treated rats' dendrites spines was evidenced.Conclusion: Based on this finding the information transmission by dorsal hippocampal pyramidal cells may impair with an administration ofneurotoxin colchicine, intra-CA1.Keywords: Colchicine, Memory retrieval, Novelty seeking behavior, Cortical area 1, Pyramidal cell layer

Epidural catheter compared with local infiltration analgesia for postoperative pain relief in total knee replacement

AbstractBackground: This study compares the effects of epidural analgesia with infiltration analgesia in postoperative pain control for total knee arthroplasty. Materials and methods: 47 females and 13 males with an average age of 65.7 years were randomly allocated into epidural (EA; n=30) and local infiltration anesthesia (LIA; n=30) groups. All patients received spinal anesthesia and were inserted epidural catheter. In LIA group, 50mL of a mixture, containing bupivacaine, ketorolac, morphine sulfate, and epinephrine was injected in to periarticular tissue and in EA group normal saline was injected. In the EA group, after surgery, an epidural catheter was attached to the patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) infusion pump with 25cc bupivacaine diluted in 75mL of normal saline but in LIA group, the PCA pump of the epidural catheter contained 100cc of normal saline, and the pump was blocked.Results: The difference in demographic data was not significant between the groups. The mean VAS score (Pain) of EA group was significantly higher than LIA group until 12 hours after surgery, At 24 hours, there was no significant difference between two groups, and Pain of EA group was significantly lower than LIA group at 48 hours after the surgery. Dranage volume and hemoglobin drops were lower in LIA group. Knee range of motion in the LIA group was not superior to that of the EA group two weeks after surgery. The patients’ ability to perform active straight leg raise had no significant difference between two groups one day after the surgery.Conclusion: local infiltration analgesia is better than epidural for postoperative pain control at first 12 hours. However, epidural analgesia can control postoperative pain more effectively at 48 hours after surgery. There was no significantly difference between two groups regard to patients ability to perform straight leg rising and Knee range of motion was similar in two groups

Comparative personality traits of temperament and character, psychopathology, and onset age of smoking in predicting opiate dependence

Introduction: According to drug gateway theory, smoking cigarette, especially, low onset age of smoking, is one of the risk factors for future use. The present study deals with comparison of nicotine addicts and opiate addicts in order to identify that what differences in personality traits and onset age of smoking exist in these two groups that cause some individuals to appeal to other substances after starting to use cigarette. Methods: Two groups of opiate addicts and nicotine addicts were randomly selected. Revised version of Cloninger’s Temperament Inventory Questionnaire, Fagrastrom’s Nicotine Dependence and Maudsley’s Addiction Profile were used. The study length was 10 month. ANOVA and logistic regression were applied for data analysis.  Results: Opiate addicts had higher scores in novelty seeking dimension and lower scores in cooperativeness (P= 0/001), compared to nicotine addicts. The onset age of smoking cigarette in opiate addicts was lower than nicotine addicts.  Conclusion: Low onset age of smoking cigarette, high novelty seeking and low cooperativeness in opiate dependents are among the important personality traits in future use of drugs that can predict the subsequent start of using opiate drugs.  Declaration of Interest: None

A Comparative Study of “Shohare Ahoo Khanoom” and “Sister Carrie” Novels based on the Literary Creativity

'Creativity' in comparative literature is the difference between imitating and being influenced, and the creative author is said to be inspired by the others’ work, and nurture what they borrowed from another in the social and cultural construction of their society in a new way. The similarity in layout and plot of these two novels “Shohare Ahoo Khanoom” (1961) by Ali Mohammad Afghani and “Sister Carrie” (1900) by Theodore Dreiser, makes it possible to compare these two works in comparative literature. This article argues that Afghani in writing the novel “Shohare Ahoo Khanoom”, has been directly affected by Dreiser’s first work and has domesticated this American novel’s plot and narration in the cultural and social context of Iran. Despite the common points observed in the narrative plot and characterization method of these two novels, especially the two characters, “Homa” and “Carrie”, there are also some differences in these two works that are more related to the differences in the social and cultural conditions of their authors

High‐Resolution Characterization of Excavation‐Induced Fracture Network Using Continuous and Discrete Inversion Schemes

The Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory provides the location for the experiment designed to investigate the induced fracture network around open or sealed galleries and drifts. The objective of this study is to investigate and reconstruct the hydraulic properties and the geometry of the induced fracture network to improve the insights and validate the conceptual model of the induced fracture network due to the stress redistribution during tunnel excavations. Within the presented study, the cross-hole responses of the pneumatic tests were analyzed in the first step with an equivalent porous media—3D travel time-based tomographic approach. In the next step selected 2D profiles of the 3D model domain were inverted using a discrete fracture network inversion approach. The database of the tomographic analysis is based on 18 gas injection tests and 151 pressure interferences, which were recorded between nine closely spaced boreholes. The travel time-based inversion approach allowed for the reconstruction of the 3D gas diffusivity distribution between nine boreholes with high-resolution. The applied discrete fracture network inversion approach is based on a transdimensional Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methodology and it operates with reversible model updates (jumps) that change the problem dimensions, that is, the number, length and position of fractures within the model domain after each iteration step. The synthesis of the results between the reconstructed 3D diffusivity tomogram and the 2D fracture tomograms improved the insights into the spatial geometry of the induced fracture network around galleries.Peer Reviewe

Accidental hypothermia and related risk factors among trauma patients in prehospital setting

INTRODUCTION: Hypothermia is highly prevalent among trauma patients. If hypothermia is diagnosed and managed early, complications from hypothermia can be reduced. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of accidental hypothermia and related factors in prehospital trauma patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a single-center prospective observational study. From 2 to 16 November 2018, 132 trauma patients were selected by convenience sampling. To collect data, the patient's core body temperature (CBT) and the temperature of the ambulance cabin were measured as the patient left the ambulance. A combination of observation and emergency medical technician records was used to identify factors influencing hypothermia onset or exacerbation. SPSS 16 was used to analyze the data using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. A significance level of 5% was considered. RESULTS: It was calculated that 44.1% of prehospital trauma patients had accidental hypothermia. The predicting variables for accidental hypothermia in trauma patients were found to be level of consciousness (OR = 2.19, p < 0.049), pulse rate (OR = 1.04, p < 0.02), and ambient cabin temperature (OR = 1.32, p < 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: At the time of hospital admission, a significant number of trauma patients were hypothermic. This study emphasizes the need for identifying unintentional hypothermia in trauma patients early on during the pre-hospital stage