Estudar a evolução do direito ambiental internacional

International environmental law is a set of rules and regulations of international law governing the relations between followers and actors of international law including governmental and non-governmental laws in order to protect environment as well as it is an emerging field whose turning point was Stockholm Conference in 1972. Since then, this field has undergone many changes and lawyers have divided the path evolution into three stages: the 1972 conference, the 1992 Rio Conference and the Rio + 20 Conference; these developments are mainly focused on issues such as development of preventive measures, extend the guarantees of governments’ environmental commitments, adjust governments will and curtail national sovereignty principle. However, the process has faced obstacles and limitations such as lack of financial resources, environmental issues and national preferences and governance. Strong and efficient international institutions should be established that have necessary competence and ability in advancing environmental objectives in order to accelerate this process.El derecho ambiental internacional es un conjunto de reglas y regulaciones de derecho internacional que rigen las relaciones entre seguidores y actores del derecho internacional, incluidas las leyes gubernamentales y no gubernamentales para proteger el medio ambiente, y es un campo emergente cuyo punto de inflexión fue la Conferencia de Estocolmo en 1972. Desde entonces, este campo ha sufrido muchos cambios y los abogados han dividido la evolución del camino en tres etapas: la conferencia de 1972, la Conferencia de Río de 1992 y la Conferencia de Río + 20; estos desarrollos se centran principalmente en cuestiones tales como el desarrollo de medidas preventivas, ampliar las garantías de los compromisos ambientales de los gobiernos, ajustar los gobiernos y reducir el principio de soberanía nacional. Sin embargo, el proceso ha enfrentado obstáculos y limitaciones, como la falta de recursos financieros, cuestiones ambientales y preferencias y gobernanza nacionales. Se deben establecer instituciones internacionales fuertes y eficientes que tengan la competencia y la capacidad necesarias para avanzar en los objetivos ambientales a fin de acelerar este proceso.A lei ambiental internacional é um conjunto de regras e regulamentos do direito internacional que regem as relações entre seguidores e atores do direito internacional, incluindo leis governamentais e não-governamentais para proteger o meio ambiente, e é um campo emergente cujo ponto de virada foi a Conferência de Estocolmo em 1972. Desde então, este campo sofreu muitas mudanças e os advogados dividiram a evolução da estrada em três etapas: a conferência de 1972, a Conferência do Rio em 1992 e a Conferência da Rio + 20; Esses desenvolvimentos são principalmente focados em questões como o desenvolvimento de medidas preventivas, a ampliação das garantias de compromissos ambientais dos governos, o ajuste dos governos e a redução do princípio da soberania nacional. No entanto, o processo tem enfrentado obstáculos e limitações, como falta de recursos financeiros, questões ambientais e preferências e governança nacionais. Instituições internacionais fortes e eficientes, com a competência e capacidade necessárias para avançar objetivos ambientais, devem ser estabelecidas a fim de acelerar esse processo

Topological photonics: fundamental concepts, recent developments, and future directions

Topological photonics is emerging as a new paradigm for the development of both classical and quantum photonic architectures. What makes topological photonics remarkably intriguing is the built-in protection as well as intrinsic unidirectionality of light propagation, which originates from the robustness of global topological invariants. In this Perspective, we present an intuitive and concise pedagogical overview of fundamental concepts in topological photonics. Then, we review the recent developments of the main activity areas of this field, categorized into linear, nonlinear, and quantum regimes. For each section, we discuss both current and potential future directions, as well as remaining challenges and elusive questions regarding the implementation of topological ideas in photonics systems

Study the evolution of international environmental law

International environmental law is a set of rules and regulations of international law governing the relations between followers and actors of international law including governmental and non-governmental laws in order to protect environment as well as it is an emerging field whose turning point was Stockholm Conference in 1972. Since then, this field has undergone many changes and lawyers have divided the path evolution into three stages: the 1972 conference, the 1992 Rio Conference and the Rio + 20 Conference; these developments are mainly focused on issues such as development of preventive measures, extend the guarantees of governments’ environmental commitments, adjust governments will and curtail national sovereignty principle. However, the process has faced obstacles and limitations such as lack of financial resources, environmental issues and national preferences and governance. Strong and efficient international institutions should be established that have necessary competence and ability in advancing environmental objectives in order to accelerate this process.International environmental law is a set of rules and regulations of international law governing the relations between followers and actors of international law including governmental and non-governmental laws in order to protect environment as well as it is an emerging field whose turning point was Stockholm Conference in 1972. Since then, this field has undergone many changes and lawyers have divided the path evolution into three stages: the 1972 conference, the 1992 Rio Conference and the Rio + 20 Conference; these developments are mainly focused on issues such as development of preventive measures, extend the guarantees of governments’ environmental commitments, adjust governments will and curtail national sovereignty principle. However, the process has faced obstacles and limitations such as lack of financial resources, environmental issues and national preferences and governance. Strong and efficient international institutions should be established that have necessary competence and ability in advancing environmental objectives in order to accelerate this process

State and Citizens’ Secondary Responsibility Arising from the Responsibility of International Organizations under the Principles of Morality and Equity

زمینه و هدف: نظام مسؤولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها، مورد پرسش فیلسوفان حقوق بین‌الملل بوده است. انتقاد اصلی آن‌ها به منصفانه‌نبودن تحمیل بار مسؤولیت بر شهروندان بی‌تقصیر دولت‌ها، به ویژه منصفانه‌نبودن نظام مسؤولیت ثانوی در حقوق بین‌الملل مربوط است. این امر موجب پیداش نظریه فردی‌بودن مسؤولیت دولت‌ها شده است. هدف مقاله حاضر تبیین این موضوع است که آیا نظام حقوقی مسؤولیت ثانوی دولت و شهروندان ناشی از مسؤولیت سازمان‌های بین‌المللی منصفانه بوده و با اصول اخلاقی سازگار است یا خیر؟ مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه تحلیلی، مقالات و اسناد حقوقی منتشرشده در زمینه مسائل اخلاقی و حقوقی به صورت هدفمند جستجو شده و سپس استدلال‌های موافقان و مخالفان نظریه مسؤولیت اخلاقی و حقوقی دولت‌ها مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های مقاله حاضر حاکی از آن است که نظام حقوقی مسؤولیت ثانوی دولت و شهروندان ناشی از مسؤولیت سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، نه‌تنها غیر منصفانه نیست، بلکه با تعهد به جبران خسارت زیان‌دیدگان، منصفانه و اخلاقی‌بودن این نظام حقوقی تضمین می‌شود. نتیجه‌گیری: در حقیقت مسؤولیت ثانوی دولت‌های عضو سازمان‌های بین‌المللی مطابق با اصول انصاف و اخلاق است.The regime of international responsibility of States has been questioned by philosophers of international law. Their main critique pertains to the fairness of the burden of its implementation on blameless individuals in that State, and especially to the fairness of their secondary (mostly financial) liability under domestic or international law (e.g., through taxation in order to pay war reparations). This has been coined the Individualist Challenge to State responsibility. This essay starts by debunking that challenge, before taking the discussion a step further to discuss a related (albeit yet unmade) argument of fairness that one may refer to, by analogy, as the Statist Argument. The Statist Argument would endorse the fairness of the current regime of international responsibility of international organizations (IOs) and in particular the absence of secondary liability of member States of a responsible IO. Addressing the Individualist Challenge and Statist Argument together and understanding why regimes of international responsibility law and our moral intuitions about them each pull in different directions, are the two aims of this essay. The essay turns the Statist Argument on its head and argues that secondary liabilities of member States actually amount to a requirement of fairness to the individuals in those States. It thereby contributes to taking further the debate about the reform of IO responsibility law by drawing on arguments in moral and political philosophy, on the one hand, and does so from the integrative perspective of the moral interests of the individual by discussing both State and IO responsibility lawtogether, on the other.   Please cite this article as: Ahmadnia H, Jalali M, Arashpour AR. State and Citizens’ Secondary Responsibility Arising from the Responsibility of International Organizations under the Principles of Morality and Equity. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 63-79

Designing a Model for Strategic Digital Thinking Competence Evaluation in National Gas Company of Iran

Purpose: With the increase of problems and the complexity of organizations, the need to provide better solutions and use more powerful tools of strategic planning is evident because managers with strategic thinking and a better understanding of the strategic plan will perform more effectively. It can be said that strategic thinking is considered as a supplement to strategic planning, a suitable approach to "leadership" of the organization and can help in systematically dealing with problems, understanding opportunities, optimal allocation of scarce resources and achieving the desired results. In view of this importance, the current research aims to design a strategic thinking competence assessment model with the approach of developing organizational flexibility in National Gas Company of Iran. Method: This research is applied in terms of purpose and was done with qualitative approach based on grounded theory method. Sampling of the research was done using snowball method (chain reference). For this purpose, qualitative data was collected, which led to the identification of many aspects of the phenomenon and the possibility of developing a conceptual research model. The data collection method is library studies, perusal of high-level documents, and in-depth and open interviews. The statistical population of this research consisted of specialists and experts in the field of management and strategic thinking, of whom 12 people were investigated. In the process of conducting this research, the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was observed. Findings: The findings showed that six main categories are effective on the evaluation of strategic thinking with an organizational flexibility approach, which are: foresight, strategic determination, systemic attitude, innovation and creativity. The results show that the validity of the model is confirmed and the six obvious variables (six dimensions) explain the latent variables of strategic thinking competency assessment. According to the direction of all the relations between the manifest variables and the latent ones, , all the relations are aligned and direct. Conclusion: According to the amount of standardized factor loadings, the dimension "Foresight (AN)", with a factor loading of 0.88, is the most reliable indicator belonging to evaluation measurement

Spin-selective strong light-matter coupling in a 2D hole gas-microcavity system

The interplay between time-reversal symmetry breaking and strong light-matter coupling in 2D gases brings intriguing aspects to polariton physics. This combination can lead to polarization/spin selective light-matter interaction in the strong coupling regime. In this work, we report such a selective strong light-matter interaction by harnessing a 2D gas in the quantum Hall regime coupled to a microcavity. Specifically, we demonstrate circular-polarization dependence of the vacuum Rabi splitting, as a function of magnetic field and hole density. We provide a quantitative understanding of the phenomenon by modeling the coupling of optical transitions between Landau levels to the microcavity. This method introduces a control tool over the spin degree of freedom in polaritonic semiconductor systems, paving the way for new experimental possibilities in light-matter hybrids.Comment: Main text: 5 pages, 4 figures. Supplementary Material: 4 pages, 4 figure

Effects of different plant extracts at various dietary levels on growth performance, carcass traits, blood serum parameters, immune response and ileal microflora of Ross broiler chickens

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different plant extracts (common nettle, coriander, dill and thyme) at various dietary levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 mg/L) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood serum parameters, immune response and ileal microflora of 650 male Ross chickens (13 treatment groups; five replicates/treatment group; 10 birds/replicate) in a 42-day trial. Plant extracts were added to drinking water. Supplementation, except for coriander, increased feed intake (p < .05). Thyme extracts at 300 mg/L improved both weight gain and feed efficiency (p < .05). Thyme or dill (300 mg/L) improved carcass and drumsticks yields (p < .05). Pre-slaughtered body weight was increased by supplementation with plant extracts at 300 mg/L (p < .05). Plant extracts positively affected blood serum parameters decreasing concentrations (p < .05) of total protein, albumin, urea and total cholesterol. Dill extract increased IgG against sheep red blood cells at d 28 (p < .05) and d 42 (IgG; tendency p= .0698), whereas coriander extract (450 mg/L) raised immune response against avian influence within 42 d from vaccination (p < .05). Plant extracts reduced coliforms (except dill at 300 mg/L level; p < .05) and aerobic bacteria (except dill; p < .05). Negative gram bacteria were increased by thyme and dill treatments at 150 mg/L (p < .05) whereas lactobacilli bacteria were raised by thyme at 150 mg/L level (p < .05). In conclusion, supplementation with thyme at 300 mg/L level had the greatest benefits on the evaluated parameters.HIGHLIGHTS Thyme supplementation at 300 mg/L level could improve broiler chicken growth performance, carcass traits and blood serum parameters. Thyme supplementation at 150 mg/L could positively affect ileal microbiota increasing lactobacilli bacteria and reducing coliforms. However, no relevant effects of the thyme treatment were observed on broiler chicken immune responses

Optical pumping of electronic quantum Hall states with vortex light

A fundamental requirement for quantum technologies is the ability to coherently control the interaction between electrons and photons. However, in many scenarios involving the interaction between light and matter, the exchange of linear or angular momentum between electrons and photons is not feasible, a condition known as the dipole-approximation limit. An example of a case beyond this limit that has remained experimentally elusive is when the interplay between chiral electrons and vortex light is considered, where the orbital angular momentum of light can be transferred to electrons. Here, we present a novel mechanism for such an orbital angular momentum transfer from optical vortex beams to electronic quantum Hall states. Specifically, we identify a robust contribution to the radial photocurrent, in an annular graphene sample within the quantum Hall regime, that depends on the vorticity of light. This phenomenon can be interpreted as an optical pumping scheme, where the angular momentum of photons is transferred to electrons, generating a radial current, and the current's direction is determined by the light's vorticity. Our findings offer fundamental insights into the optical probing and manipulation of quantum coherence, with wide-ranging implications for advancing quantum coherent optoelectronics