Migration, Remittances and Capital Accumulation: Evidence from Rural Mexico

This article studies the link between migration, remittances and asset accumulation for a panel of poor rural households in Mexico over the period 1997--2006. In a context of financial markets' imperfections, migration may act as a substitute for imperfect credit and insurance provision (through remittances from migrants) and, thus, exert a positive effect on investment. However, it may well be the case that remittances are channelled towards increasing consumption and leisure goods instead. Exploiting within family variation and an instrumental variable strategy, we show that migration indeed accelerates productive assets' accumulation. However, when we look at the effect of migration on non-productive assets (durable goods), we find a negative effect. Our results then suggest that poor rural families resort to migration as a way to mitigate constraints that prevent them from investing in productive assets

Contribution of polymorphisms in IFNG and TNF to complications of the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with sibling donors

Las complicaciones del trasplante alogénico de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas (TACPH) relacionado incluyen tiempos variables de engraftment,enfermedad injerto contra huésped (EICH), infeccionesbacterianas y reactivación de citomegalovirus(CMV), entre otras. La existencia de polimorfismosen genes no HLA que codifican citoquinas proinflamatoriastales como el factor de necrosis tumoralalfa (TNF) e interferón gamma (IFNG) condicionaría la aparición de estas complicaciones. Se evaluóel impacto de la variante +1349 CAn del gen INFG y del polimorfismo -308 G/A de TNF en el engraftment y en la EICH en 148 receptores de TACPHrealizados en los centros participantes. Con respecto al engraftment tardío (≥15 días), el análisis multivariado confirmó el poder predictivo desfavorable del genotipo CAno12/no12 (baja producción) de IFNG(OR 3,9; p=0,003), médula ósea (MO) como fuente de células progenitoras (OR 4,6; p=0,013) y bacteriemia (OR 3,0; p=0,033). En relación a EICHa 3-4,las variables independientes fueron el genotipo de baja producción de IFNG (OR 0,1; p=0,008), bacteriemia (OR 3,3; p=0,048) y presencia de CMV(OR3,3; p=0,046). Y con respecto a EICHc, el riesgo fue influenciado por el genotipo -308 GG (producción baja) de TNF (OR 3,3; p=0,038), SP como fuente (OR 5,0; p=0,028), acondicionamiento mieloablativo (OR 3,3; p=0,014) y antecedente de EICHa 2-4 (OR 2,6; p=0,029). Aunque es necesario confirmar estos hallazgos, el genotipo de baja producción de IFNG se asoció con engraftment tardío y menor EICHa, mientras que los genotipos de baja producción de TNF se relacionaron con mayor incidencia de EICHc. Las variantes polimórficas estudiadas contribuirían al desarrollo de complicaciones en pacientes con TACPH relacionado.Complications of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) include variable engraftment times, acute (aGVHD) and chronic (cGVHD) graft-versus-host diseases, bacterial infections and reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV), among others. The existence of polymorphisms in non-HLA genes that encode pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFNG) would condition the appearance of these complications. The impact of polymorphic variants +1349 CAn of INFG gene and -308 G/A of TNF was evaluated on the engraftment and GVHD in 148 allo-HSCT recipients with sibling donors. In the multivariate analysis, the genotype CAno12/no12 (low production) of INFG (OR 3.9, p=0.003), bone marrow (BM) as source of progenitor cells (OR 4.6, p=0.013) and bacteremia (OR 3.0, p=0.033) maintained their predictive power with respect to late engraftment (≥15 days). Genotype of low IFNG production (OR 0.1, p=0.008), bacteremia (OR 3.3, p=0.048) and presence of CMV (OR 3.3, p=0.046) showed a significant association with aGVHD 3-4. And with respect to cGVHD, the genotype -308 GG (low production) of TNF (OR 3.3, p=0.038), PB as source (OR 5.0, p=0.028), myeloablative conditioning (OR 3.3, p=0.014) and previous aGVHD 2-4 (OR 2.6, p=0.029). Although it is necessary to confirm these findings, the genotype of lower IFNG production was associated with a later engraftment and less severe aGVHD and genotypes of lower TNF production was related to a higher incidence of cGVHD contributing to the development of complications in allo-HSCT.Fil: Palau Nagore, Maria Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Berro, Mariano. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Bestach, Yesica Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rivas, M.M.. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Foncuberta, C.. Instituto Alexander Fleming; ArgentinaFil: Vitriu, A.. Instituto Alexander Fleming; ArgentinaFil: Remaggi, G.. Fundaleu; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Rolón, J.. Fundaleu; ArgentinaFil: Jaimovich, Sebastian Gaston. Fundación Favaloro; ArgentinaFil: Requejo, A.. Fundación Favaloro; ArgentinaFil: Padros, K.. Primer Centro Argentino de Inmunogenética; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, M.B.. Primer Centro Argentino de Inmunogenética; ArgentinaFil: Kusminsky, G.. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Larripa, Irene Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Belli, Carolina Bárbara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Latin America: the next region for haematopoietic transplant progress

Haematopoietic cell transplant activity in the 28 countries comprising Latin America is poorly defined. We conducted a voluntary survey of members of the Latin American Bone Marrow Transplantation Group regarding transplant activity 2009–2012. Collated responses were compared with data of transplant rates from the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation for other geographic regions. Several socio-economic variables were analysed to determine correlations with transplant rates. In total, 94 teams from 12 countries reported 11519 transplants including 7033 autotransplants and 4486 allotransplants. Annual activity increased from 2517 transplants in 2009 to 3263 in 2012, a 30% increase. Median transplants rate (transplant per million inhabitants) in 2012 was 64 (autotransplants, median 40; allotransplants, median 24). This rate is substantially lower than that in North America and European regions (482 and 378) but higher than that in the Eastern Mediterranean and Asia Pacific regions (30 and 45). However, the Latin America transplant rate is 5–8-fold lower than that in America and Europe, suggesting a need to increase transplant availability. Transplant team density in Latin America (teams per million population; 1.8) is 3–4-fold lower than that in North America (6.2) or Europe (7.6). Within Latin America, there is substantial diversity in transplant rates by country partially explained by diverse socio-economic variables including per capita gross national income, health expenditure and physician density. These data should help inform future health-care policy in Latin America