Menneskehandel og tvangsarbeid: En forstudie om gråsoneproblematikk innenfor innsatsområdet arbeidsmarkedskriminalitet

I over 10 år har norske myndigheter satt bekjempelse av menneskehandel høyt på sin politiske agenda. Samtidig har hjelpeapparat, politi og påtalemyndigheter samt private samarbeidsaktører på menneskehandelsfeltet opparbeidet seg kunnskap og erfaringer om fenomenet, og utviklet nye arbeidsmetoder. Hovedsakelig har denne oppmerksomheten vært rettet mot å bekjempe prostitusjon, og det er forholdsvis nytt at det også rettes oppmerksomhet mot tvangsarbeid som en form for menneskehandel. Med dette som bakgrunn utforsker og forklarer denne rapporten tvangsarbeid som begrep og som et tverretatlig samhandlingsfelt, i lys av intervjuer, dokumenter og rettskilder. Det finnes i dag lite forskning på denne type kriminalitet på arbeidsmarkedet, og det mangler også forskning på det mye omtalte fenomenet arbeidsmarkedskriminalitet. Denne rapporten er således tidlig ute om temaer forfatteren mener vil være sentrale for fremtidens bekjempelse av utnyttelse og kriminalitet på arbeidsmarkedet

Exposer la loi. L’application de la loi norvégienne sur le recours aux services sexuels

Depuis plus de vingt ans, et ce au niveau international, la lutte contre le trafic humain est devenue une question politique majeure. L’attention se portant principalement sur la prostitution et les différentes manières de la combattre, on pourrait dire que ce coup de projecteur a dans le même temps laissé dans l’ombre les autres formes de trafic humain. Cet article a pour but d’interroger « la pensée de modèles » qui caractérise les débats internationaux sur la prostitution et de poser un regard critique sur la formule nordique prétendument couronnée de succès que serait la pénalisation du recours aux services sexuels dans la lutte pour une société plus égalitaire. L’article décrit les changements récents dans les politiques norvégiennes en matière de prostitution et démontre que les mécanismes d’exclusion dans les États providence traditionnels poussent les ressortissants de pays étrangers vers les domaines de la politique pénale.For over twenty years, the battle against human trafficking has been on the international agenda. Most of this attention has been directed at combating prostitution and one can say that this sharp light simultaneously has dimmed the light directed against other forms of trafficking. This article questions the "model thinking" that characterizes international prostitution debates and takes a critical stance towards the claim that the criminalization of buying sex customers constitutes a kind of Nordic success formula for a more equal society. The article describes recent changes in the Norwegian prostitution policy and describes how traditional welfare states exclusionary mechanisms route foreign nationals in the direction of criminal policy areas

Om fremveksten av en ny forståelsesramme for arbeidslivet og kampen mot arbeidslivskriminalitet

Språket vi anvender for å snakke om kriminalitet på arbeidsmarkedet er i endring. I det siste tiårets offentlige debatter og politiske strategidokumenter ser vi en stor økning i bruken av begreper som «arbeidslivskriminalitet», «arbeidsmarkedskriminalitet», «arbeidsmiljøkriminalitet» og forkortelsen «a-krim» som synonymer for å beskrive nye former for kriminalitet og kriminalitetsbekjempelse. Artikkelen presenterer en eksplorativ studie av den språklige endringen og knytter den til fremveksten av en ny forståelsesramme for kriminalitet i arbeidslivet. Vi viser at det nye begrepsapparatet er suksessfullt i den forstand at det skaper bred oppslutning, på tvers av både tradisjonelle politiske skillelinjer og organisasjoner. Vi analyserer datasett bestående av medietekster og nasjonale styringsdokumenter og identifiserer store endringer i språket. Metodisk er artikkelen fundert i korpus-assistert diskursanalyse, hvor nøkkelord brukes som analytisk omdreiningspunkt for kvalitative og kvantitative analyser av materialet, for å identifisere utviklingstrekk i saksfeltet. Artikkelen argumenterer for at en analyse av begrepet «arbeidslivskriminalitet» er nyttig for å forstå politikkutvikling på feltet, og at trusselforståelsen som ligger til grunn har fungert samlende på tvers av den politiske eliten.Om fremveksten av en ny forståelsesramme for arbeidslivet og kampen mot arbeidslivskriminalitetpublishedVersio

Innestengt eller utestengt? Norsk prostitusjonspolitikk og kampen mot menneskehandel

This doctoral thesis investigates the intersection of Norwegian criminal law and international anti-trafficking policies by examining the institutional activities it generates in two Norwegian police districts, Hordaland and Oslo. The project interrogates why and how law matters in the regulation of prostitution and looks at this through ethnographic approach rooted at multiple sites. Drawing on fieldwork observations, interviews and analysis of policy-documents and media reports the thesis documents how Norway’s anti-prostitution and international anti-trafficking efforts intersect and are implemented at a local level. Theoretically, the thesis approach the empirical research field informed by insights from Michel Foucault and governmentality perspectives on the rule of law as a site to investigate issues of social control. Through this approach the thesis rejects more common approaches to the question of legal regulation of prostitution markets by arguing that traditional “model-thinking” stultifies researchers access to a more comprehensive understanding of why and how law matters. The thesis shows how a variety of strategies and institutional perspectives are engaged when local actors are left to interpret ambiguous policy instruments and must implement critical concepts within international anti-trafficking policies, such as prevention, protection and prosecution. At the local level, former policies that address “the problem of prostitution” through harm reducing outreach work seems at odds with the strategies and methods used by special police units seeking to eliminating the market for the transaction of sexual services via disrupting organized criminal networks. The analysis is accomplished by describing how and why the implementation of antitrafficking and prostitution policies leads to conflicts between actors who are meant to work coordinated in common efforts to abolish exploitation in prostitution. The analysis is situated at two seemingly diverging police districts where the thesis investigates and contrasts the relationship between proactive and reactive police strategies to address prostitution as a criminal problem. The analysis also shows that a high level of discrepancy exists between the rhetoric of officially stated policies and the local and institutional realities that are reported by those whose profession it is to implement prostitution policies. By using fieldwork conducted at multiple sites, the analysis shows how local and national actors report diverging views in terms of what “success” means in the field of prostitution and anti-trafficking. The thesis gives a glimpse into the worldviews of the informants and participants in the research project by describing what a good and a bad day at work signifies for them. The question that arises through the analysis is intrinsically linked to the issue of national borders as recent changes in prostitution policy in Norway can both be seen as a step forward for a liberal society based on principles of inclusion and gender equality, as well as understood as part of larger societal transformations in Western liberal democracies. In these democracies an increasing number of individuals are excluded from the benefits of a welfare state, certain territories and spaces, yet rhetorically deemed to be objects of “rescue-missions”, “rehabilitation-processes” and “exit-programs” into particular ways of living and consuming, “here” or “there”. As a Western liberal democracy, Norway is no exception as anti-immigration policies increasingly dictates how and why prostitution is seen as a problem

Women who cross borders – black magic? A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Norwegian newspaper coverage

In some of Norway’s biggest cities; Oslo, Bergen and Stavanger there has been reported anincreased number of foreign women in prostitution (Pro Senteret 20062). The increase offoreign women in prostitution has led to changes within the local prostitution scene, due to thefact that women who support their drug abuse by prostitution has left the market or becomeless visible.3 It has also led to changes in the public discussion of prostitution. The mediarepeatedly describe the phenomenon by using words such as “explosions”, “invasions” and“floods” of “foreign prostitutes” or “foreign whores” who are controlled by “foreigncriminals” and mafia-like organisations, something which escalated into a “whore-war”. It has especially been the Nigerian group of women who have received massive media attention, as media could report an increase from two Nigerian women in 2003, to approximately four hundred by 2006. Nigerian women were described as more visible, not only because of their ethnicity, but also because they behaved different than other groups of women. The publicoutcry especially escalated when the prostitution scene became an increasingly visible element in Oslo’s parade street Karl Johan. Nigerian women in prostitution, were in the public eye presented, in every way possible, as being a “matter out of place” (Douglas 1996), and asdoing the wrong things at the wrong places

Coordinating for Analytical and Punitive Capacity: The Case of Work-related Crime in Norway

Coordination and collaboration is a perennial theme within public administration and management. This paper studies coordination and collaboration in the public sector by examining a specific case and policy field: The Norwegian joint, multi-agency effort to prevent and combat work-related crime. The main research questions are: How has the Norwegian government organized their work against work-related crime over the last decade? What specific coordination instruments have been introduced, and how do practitioners in the field assess these instruments? What characterizes coordination and collaboration, and what facilitates and constrains it? We find that the coordination efforts are seen as largely successful. The development represents a larger societal push towards joint intelligence efforts at the national level for the purpose of more analytical capacity and more effective use of punitive sanctions. At the same time, sector-based priorities, regulations and performance targets clearly constrain coordination and collaboration between the main actors in the field

Debate - From Palermo to the Streets of Oslo: Pros and cons of the trafficking framework

The development of Norwegian anti-trafficking efforts and how they relate to obligations set forth by the United Nations Trafficking Protocol (also known as the ‘Palermo Protocol’) illustrates some of the constraints connected to international policymaking. While national trafficking policies on paper are in alignment with the definitions and priorities in the Protocol, the local and institutional context simultaneously influence how these international ambitions are interpreted and implemented. Thus, we argue that to understand the impact of the Protocol one must necessarily explore how it interacts with national agendas and instrument

Coordinating Against Work-Related Crime in Norway

This article studies inter-agency coordination in a “wicked” policy area by examining the Norwegian model against work-related crime. The main research questions are: How does the Norwegian government work to ensure coordination in the field of work-related crime? What enables and constrains horizontal and vertical coordination in this field? We find that the case represents a push towards joint intelligence efforts at the national level to create more analytical capacity and more effective use of punitive sanctions. By analysing data in the period from 2014 to 2019 we show that coordination has intensified over time, but that sector-based priorities, regulations and performance targets remain important obstacles for coordination. The article shows how a secondary organizational structure, ensuring a more coordinated, cross-sectoral strategy for combating work-related crime has been established at the national (strategic) and regional (tactical/operational) level. This supplements the primary organizational structure which is based on the more “traditional” division between ministerial areas and policy sectors and allows for both change and organizational stability. The result is a field that is more coordinated, but still complex and constrained by the existing sector-divisions, organizational and management structures