The Path Integral for 1+1-dimensional QCD

We derive a path integral expression for the transition amplitude in 1+1-dimensional QCD starting from canonically quantized QCD. Gauge fixing after quantization leads to a formulation in terms of gauge invariant but curvilinear variables. Remainders of the curved space are Jacobians, an effective potential, and sign factors just as for the problem of a particle in a box. Based on this result we derive a Faddeev-Popov like expression for the transition amplitude avoiding standard infinities that are caused by integrations over gauge equivalent configurations.Comment: 16 pages, LaTeX, 3 PostScript figures, uses epsf.st

A population-based case-control study on social factors and risk of testicular germ cell tumours

Objectives Incidence rates for testicular cancer have risen over the last few decades. Findings of an association between the risk of testicular cancer and social factors are controversial. The association of testicular cancer and different indicators of social factors were examined in this study.<p></p> Design Case–control study.<p></p> Setting Population-based multicentre study in four German regions (city states Bremen and Hamburg, the Saarland region and the city of Essen).<p></p> Participants The study included 797 control participants and 266 participants newly diagnosed with testicular cancer of which 167 cases were classified as seminoma and 99 as non-seminoma. The age of study participants ranged from 15 to 69 years.<p></p> Methods Social position was classified by educational attainment level, posteducational training, occupational sectors according to Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarrero (EGP) and the socioeconomic status (SES) on the basis of the International SocioEconomic Index of occupational status (ISEI). ORs and corresponding 95% CIs (95% CIs) were calculated for the whole study sample and for seminoma and non-seminoma separately.<p></p> Results Testicular cancer risk was modestly increased among participants with an apprenticeship (OR=1.7 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.8)) or a university degree (OR=1.6 (95% CI 0.9 to 2.8)) relative to those whose education was limited to school. Analysis of occupational sectors revealed an excess risk for farmers and farm-related occupations. No clear trend was observed for the analyses according to the ISEI-scale.<p></p> Conclusions Social factors based on occupational measures were not a risk factor for testicular cancer in this study. The elevated risk in farmers and farm-related occupations warrants further research including analysis of occupational exposures.<p></p&gt

Static and dynamic Jahn-Teller effect in the alkali metal fulleride salts A4C60 (A = K, Rb, Cs)

We report the temperature dependent mid- and near-infrared spectra of K4C60, Rb4C60 and Cs4C60. The splitting of the vibrational and electronic transitions indicates a molecular symmetry change of C604- which brings the fulleride anion from D2h to either a D3d or a D5d distortion. In contrast to Cs4C60, low temperature neutron diffraction measurements did not reveal a structural phase transition in either K4C60 and Rb4C60. This proves that the molecular transition is driven by the molecular Jahn-Teller effect, which overrides the distorting potential field of the surrounding cations at high temperature. In K4C60 and Rb4C60 we suggest a transition from a static to a dynamic Jahn-Teller state without changing the average structure. We studied the librations of these two fullerides by temperature dependent inelastic neutron scattering and conclude that both pseudorotation and jump reorientation are present in the dynamic Jahn-Teller state.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.

Instantons and Monopoles in General Abelian Gauges

A relation between the total instanton number and the quantum-numbers of magnetic monopoles that arise in general Abelian gauges in SU(2) Yang-Mills theory is established. The instanton number is expressed as the sum of the `twists' of all monopoles, where the twist is related to a generalized Hopf invariant. The origin of a stronger relation between instantons and monopoles in the Polyakov gauge is discussed.Comment: 28 pages, 8 figures; comments added to put work into proper contex

Jahreszeitliche Schwankungen und Einfluss der Ernährung auf die makuläre Pigmentdichte

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Wir haben gezeigt, dass die makuläre Pigmentdichte (MPD) mit einem modifizierten konfokalen Scanning-Laser-Ophthalmoskop (HRA, Fa. Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Deutschland) bestimmt werden kann. In dieser Studie untersuchten wir, ob Schwankungen der MPD bei gesunden Probanden im Verlauf eines Jahres auftraten und ob die MPD von wechselnden Ernährungsgewohnheiten abhängig ist. Methode: Die MPD wurde mithilfe von Autofluoreszenzbildern, die mit einem HRA aufgenommen wurden, dargestellt und in einem auf die Fovea zentrierten Messfeld von 2° Durchmesser bei den Probanden im Abstand von 2Monaten innerhalb eines Jahres bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Wir schlossen 30 gesunde Probanden im Alter von 19-34Jahren (Mittel: 23±2Jahre) in die Studie ein. Die mittlere MPD war an Untersuchungszeitpunkt1 0,215±0,056D.U., bei der 2.Untersuchung 0,235±0,051D.U., bei der 3. 0,218±0,055D.U., an Untersuchungszeitpunkt4 0,228±057D.U., bei der 5.Untersuchung 0,225±0,053D.U. und bei der letzten 0,203±0,050D.U.. Die statistische Analyse zeigte keine signifikanten Unterschiede der MPD im Verlauf eines Jahres. Zusammenfassung: Die Studie zeigt, dass bei jungen und gesunden Probanden die MPD keinen jahreszeitlichen und diätetischen Schwankungen unterlieg

Amorphization of ZnSe by ion implantation at low temperatures

Radioactive Cd and Se ions were implanted into high-resistivity ZnSe single crystals around 60 K and 300 K. Their lattice sites were determined by measuring the channelling and blocking effects of the emitted conversion electrons or positrons directly after implantation and after annealing at different temperatures up to 600 K. Implantation doses were in the range of 3$\times 10^{12}$ - 3$\times10^{13}$/cm$^2$. The experimental results of this emission channelling technique yield a high substitutional fraction of the implanted ions directly after implantation at room temperature. At 60 K the substitutional fraction of implanted ions is highly sensitive to the ion dose. Above a critical dose of around 1.4$\times10^{13}$ Cd/cm$^2$ or 2.1$\times10^{13}$ Se/cm$^2$ the substitutional fraction completely disappears indicating an amorphous surrounding of the probe atom. Damage recovery was observed below room temperature and at an annealing temperature around 500 K. A quantitative analysis of measured channelling yields will be given by comparison with calculated electron channelling profiles based on the dynamical theory of electron diffraction

No correlation between amylase/trypsin-inhibitor content and amylase inhibitory activity in hexaploid and tetraploid wheat species

Wheat amylase/trypsin-inhibitors (ATI) are known triggers for wheat-related disorders. The aims of our study were to determine (1) the inhibitory activity against different α-amylases, (2) the content of albumins and globulins (ALGL) and total ATI and (3) to correlate these parameters in wholegrain flour of hexaploid, tetraploid and diploid wheat species. The amount of ATI within the ALGL fraction varied from 0.8% in einkorn to 20% in spelt. ATI contents measured with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) revealed similar contents (1.2–4.2 mg/g) compared to the results determined by LC-MS/MS (0.2–5.2 mg/g) for all wheat species except einkorn. No correlation was found between ALGL content and inhibitory activity. In general, hexaploid cultivars of spelt and common wheat had the highest inhibitory activities, showing values between 897 and 3564 AIU/g against human salivary α-amylase. Tetraploid wheat species durum and emmer had lower activities (170–1461 AIU/g), although a few emmer cultivars showed similar activities at one location. In einkorn, no inhibitory activity was found. No correlation was observed between the ATI content and the inhibitory activity against the used α-amylases, highlighting that it is very important to look at the parameters separately

Jahn-Teller stabilization of a "polar" metal oxide surface: Fe3O4(001)

Using ab initio thermodynamics we compile a phase diagram for the surface of Fe3O4(001) as a function of temperature and oxygen pressures. A hitherto ignored polar termination with octahedral iron and oxygen forming a wave-like structure along the [110]-direction is identified as the lowest energy configuration over a broad range of oxygen gas-phase conditions. This novel geometry is confirmed in a x-ray diffraction analysis. The stabilization of the Fe3O4(001)-surface goes together with dramatic changes in the electronic and magnetic properties, e.g., a halfmetal-to-metal transition.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure