Change in several Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Seed Yield by Water Deficit Stress in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Cultivars

Drought stress is one of several environmental factors greatly limiting crop production. In order to study the effect of water deficit on antioxidant enzymes activity and seed yield of five soybean cultivars, an experiment was conducted in two growing seasons in 2008 and 2009. The experimental design was randomized complete block in a split plot arrangement with four replications. Irrigation treatments were (S1, 50; S2, 100 and S3, 150 mm evaporation from the Class “A pan” evaporation) and cultivars were (‘L17’, ‘Clean’, ‘T.M.S.’, ‘Williams*Chippewa’ and ‘M9’). The results showed that, water deficit stress increased antioxidants content [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)] significantly, but content of them were more at mild than high water deficit stress (S2>S3>S1). Furthermore, water deficit stress, decreased total chlorophyll content, number of pods per plant, thousand seed weight, seed yield and harvest index in all of cultivars. Among cultivars, ‘L17’ and ‘Williams*Chippewa’ produced the highest seed yield at the optimum condition of irrigation and both water deficit stress levels, respectively. Assessment of correlation results indicated that, there was a positive and significant correlation among SOD and seed yield in both water deficit stress levels, too

El efecto del estrés por sequía y la fertilización con nitrógeno sobre el ingrediente activo, clorofila A y B, y el índice de clorofila de la henna

La respuesta del ingrediente activo, el contenido de clorofila ayb, y el índice de clorofila de la henna a diferentes tasas de fertilización N y estrés por sequía se exploró en un experimento de parcela dividida dividida basado en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones en la granja de investigación. de Jiroft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jiroft, Irán en la temporada de cultivo 2016-2017. En el estudio actual, la parcela principal se asignó al estrés por sequía en tres niveles (incluido el riego para suministrar el 100%, 75% o 50% del requerimiento de agua de la planta), la subparcela se asignó a la fertilización con N en tres dosis (50, 100 o 150 kg ha-1 de N puro), y la sub-subparcela se asignó al ecotipo en tres niveles (Bami, Bushehri y Rudbari). Los resultados mostraron que el efecto del nivel de sequía fue significativo sobre el ingrediente activo y el índice de clorofila al nivel de p <0.01 y sobre la clorofila a, clorofila total y la proporción de clorofila a / b al nivel de p <0.05. Pero no pudo influir significativamente en la clorofila b. El efecto de la fertilización con N fue significativo en la mayoría de los rasgos estudiados en el nivel p <0.01, pero su efecto fue significativo en el índice de clorofila en el nivel p <0.05 e insignificante en el tinte y la clorofila b. Según los resultados, parece que la aplicación de 100 kg ha-1 N y el riego para suplir el 75% del requerimiento de agua de la planta pueden contribuir a tener más plantas frescas con mayor contenido de ingrediente activo y colorante

Effects of Irrigation Deficit and Application of Some Growth Regulators on Defense Mechanisms of Canola

A split-plot experiment arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was carried out in Safiabad Agricultural Research Center of Dezful in order to investigate the effects of foliar applications of ascorbic acid (AsA), salicylic acid (SA) and methanol (Me), under deficit irrigation conditions, in canola; there were 3 levels of irrigation as the main factor (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation from the pan as control, cessation of irrigation at the flowering stage and cessation of irrigation at the appearance of siliques) and 10 levels of foliar applications as sub-factor (100, 200 and 300 mg.l-1AsA; 100, 200 and 300 µM SA; 10, 20 and 30% (w/v) methanol; and foliar application of distilled water as control). Foliar applications were made during both budding and initiation of flowering stages. Results indicated that antioxidant enzymes showed different responses to deficit irrigation and foliar application treatments. Maximum catalase (CAT) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were observed under cessation of irrigation at flowering stage and foliar application of 300 µM SA, while ascorbate peroxidase (APX) reached its maximum activity under the same irrigation conditions and foliar application of 300 mg.l-1AsA. SA had more influence to increase in CAT and PPO activity under cessation of irrigation at flowering stage. The relative water content (RWC) was also decreased due to the drought stress caused by the cessation of irrigation. Foliar application of SA (100 &#956;M) and Me (10% w/v) had more influence to maintain RWC compared to ascorbic acid under irrigation cessation at flowering stage

Chemical and biochemical responses of soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars to water deficit stress

Abstract Plant responses to oxidative injuries and content of antioxidants were comparatively studied in five soybean cultivars (L 17 , Clean, T.M.S, Williams×Chippewa and M 9 ) at the three levels of irrigation. In order to measure the water deficit stress, the irrigation was applied based on three levels of evaporation from the &apos;class A&apos; pan (50 mm; optimum condition of irrigation, 100 mm; moderate water deficit and 150 mm; extreme water deficit). A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009. The experimental design was a split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The output results showed that, water deficit stress significantly increased activities of some antioxidant enzymes (catalase and glutathione redoctase) as well as ABA and Proline content. Lipid and protein oxidation (malondialdehyde and dityrosine contents) also increased significantly at the moderate and extreme water deficit stress. The relative water content, seed and oil yield were affected by water deficit and were reduced by both levels of water deficit. Among cultivars, L 17 and Williams×Chippewa produced the highest seed and oil yield at the optimum condition of irrigation and both levels of water deficit stress, respectively. Assessment of correlation results indicated that, there was a positive and significant correlation among activity of antioxidant enzymes, ABA and proline content with seed and oil yield in both levels of water deficit stress, as well

El efecto del estrés por sequía y la fertilización con nitrógeno sobre el ingrediente activo, clorofila A y B, y el índice de clorofila de la henna

The response of active ingredient, chlorophyll a and b contents, and chlorophyll index of henna to different rates of N fertilization and drought stress was explored in a split-split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in the research farm of Jiroft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jiroft, Iran in the 2016-2017 growing season. In the current study, the main plot was assigned to drought stress at three levels (including irrigation to supply 100%, 75% or 50% of plant water requirement), the sub-plot was assigned to N fertilization at three rates (50, 100 or 150 kg&nbsp;ha-1 pure N), and the sub-sub-plot was assigned to ecotype at three levels (Bami, Bushehri, and Rudbari). The results showed that the effect of drought level was significant on active ingredient and chlorophyll index at the p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.01 level and on chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and chlorophyll a/b ratio at the p&nbsp;&lt; 0.05 level.&nbsp; But, it could not influence chlorophyll b significantly. The effect of N fertilization was significant on most studied traits at the p&lt;&nbsp;0.01 level, but its effect was significant on the chlorophyll index at the p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.05 level and insignificant on dye and chlorophyll b. According to the results, it seems that the application of 100 kg&nbsp;ha-1 N and the irrigation to supply 75% of plant water requirement can contribute to having more fresh plants with the higher active ingredient and dye contents.La respuesta del ingrediente activo, el contenido de clorofila ayb, y el índice de clorofila de la henna a diferentes tasas de fertilización N y estrés por sequía se exploró en un experimento de parcela dividida dividida basado en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones en la granja de investigación. de Jiroft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jiroft, Irán en la temporada de cultivo 2016-2017. En el estudio actual, la parcela principal se asignó al estrés por sequía en tres niveles (incluido el riego para suministrar el 100%, 75% o 50% del requerimiento de agua de la planta), la subparcela se asignó a la fertilización con N en tres dosis (50, 100 o 150 kg ha-1 de N puro), y la sub-subparcela se asignó al ecotipo en tres niveles (Bami, Bushehri y Rudbari). Los resultados mostraron que el efecto del nivel de sequía fue significativo sobre el ingrediente activo y el índice de clorofila al nivel de p &lt;0.01 y sobre la clorofila a, clorofila total y la proporción de clorofila a / b al nivel de p &lt;0.05. Pero no pudo influir significativamente en la clorofila b. El efecto de la fertilización con N fue significativo en la mayoría de los rasgos estudiados en el nivel p &lt;0.01, pero su efecto fue significativo en el índice de clorofila en el nivel p &lt;0.05 e insignificante en el tinte y la clorofila b. Según los resultados, parece que la aplicación de 100 kg ha-1 N y el riego para suplir el 75% del requerimiento de agua de la planta pueden contribuir a tener más plantas frescas con mayor contenido de ingrediente activo y colorante

Evaluación de la eficacia de la actividad de Meliloti Rhizobium sobre las propiedades cuantitativas de la alfalfa por inoculación bacteriana en el sudeste de Irán

In order to investigate the effect of bacterial inoculation on yield, chlorophyll and protein content of alfalfa to obtain economically experimental products in Shahid Zande Rouh Agricultural Training Center in Kerman as a split plot in time based on a completely randomized block design with four replications on the ground Which had not been done before, was done. Bacterial inoculation was at three levels (Rhizobium meliluti, Rhizobium leguminasarum and no inoculation as a control). Bacterial inoculation had a significant effect on all studied traits and caused an increase in chlorophyll content, yield and protein percentage. In terms of fresh forage weight, the first and third crops had the highest yield with the application of Rhizobium meliloti (6 tons per hectare). The highest percentage of protein related to inoculation of Rhizobium meliloti was observed in the second Picking. According to the results of this study, inoculation with Rhizobium meliloti bacteria increases the ability of nitrogen fixation 3 to 4 times compared to the control and improved the alfalfa traits of Bami cultivar in southeastern Iran.Con el fin de investigar el efecto de la inoculación bacteriana en el rendimiento, el contenido de clorofila y proteína de la alfalfa para obtener productos experimentales económicos en el Centro de Capacitación Agrícola Shahid Zande Rouh en Kerman como una parcela dividida en el tiempo basado en un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones en el Terreno que no se había hecho antes, se hizo. La inoculación bacteriana se realizó en tres niveles (Rhizobium meliluti, Rhizobium leguminasarum y sin inoculación como control). La inoculación bacteriana tuvo un efecto significativo en todos los rasgos estudiados y provocó un aumento en el contenido de clorofila, rendimiento y porcentaje de proteína. En términos de peso del forraje fresco, el primer y tercer cultivo tuvieron el mayor rendimiento con la aplicación de Rhizobium meliloti (6 toneladas por hectárea). El mayor porcentaje de proteína relacionado con la inoculación de Rhizobium meliloti se observó en el segundo Picking. Según los resultados de este estudio, la inoculación con la bacteria Rhizobium meliloti aumenta la capacidad de fijación de nitrógeno de 3 a 4 veces en comparación con el control y mejoró los rasgos de alfalfa del cultivar Bami en el sureste de Irán

Evaluación de la eficacia de la actividad de Meliloti Rhizobium sobre las propiedades cuantitativas de la alfalfa por inoculación bacteriana en el sudeste de Irán

Con el fin de investigar el efecto de la inoculación bacteriana en el rendimiento, el contenido de clorofila y proteína de la alfalfa para obtener productos experimentales económicos en el Centro de Capacitación Agrícola Shahid Zande Rouh en Kerman como una parcela dividida en el tiempo basado en un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones en el Terreno que no se había hecho antes, se hizo. La inoculación bacteriana se realizó en tres niveles (Rhizobium meliluti, Rhizobium leguminasarum y sin inoculación como control). La inoculación bacteriana tuvo un efecto significativo en todos los rasgos estudiados y provocó un aumento en el contenido de clorofila, rendimiento y porcentaje de proteína. En términos de peso del forraje fresco, el primer y tercer cultivo tuvieron el mayor rendimiento con la aplicación de Rhizobium meliloti (6 toneladas por hectárea). El mayor porcentaje de proteína relacionado con la inoculación de Rhizobium meliloti se observó en el segundo Picking. Según los resultados de este estudio, la inoculación con la bacteria Rhizobium meliloti aumenta la capacidad de fijación de nitrógeno de 3 a 4 veces en comparación con el control y mejoró los rasgos de alfalfa del cultivar Bami en el sureste de Irán

Impacts of climate change on soybean production under different treatments of field experiments considering the uncertainty of general circulation models

Earth is faced with dramatic changes in the weather systems, which leads to climate change. Climate change affects water resources and crop production. In this study, five and seven general circulation models (GCMs) were respectively collected via the IPCC Fourth and Fifth Assessment Reports. Emission scenarios including B1, A1B, and A2 for AR4 and RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 for AR5 were applied to predict future climate change. The weighting method of mean observed temperature-precipitation (MOTP) was utilized to compute uncertainty related to different climate models. The scenario files made by ΔT and ΔP were applied to the downscaled model of LARS-WG to generate weighted multi-model ensemble means of temperature and precipitation for the period 2020–2039 centered on 2030s. These ensemble means were incorporated into the calibrated AquaCrop model to predict final yield and biomass. In this study, soybean data were applied for four different varieties under three irrigation treatments in field experiments carried out at Karaj Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in two successive years. However, the results of statistical analysis between the model output and observed data for all varieties and irrigation treatments in the calibration year (2010) and validation year (2011) were the same at the 95% confidence level. It is suggested that AquaCrop is a valid model to predict yield and biomass for the study area in the future. Furthermore, comparing future climatic variables to the historical period during the soybean growing season showed enhancement of these variables by the 2030s. The amplitude change of temperature was larger in AR5, whereas the amplitude change of precipitation and CO2 were larger in AR4. The soybean yield and biomass increased for all treatments in the 2030 s with positive correlation with the climatic variables. The maximum temperature represented the most significant correlation with yield and biomass for almost all treatments. Finally, soybeans might achieve an optimal threshold temperature in the future, leading to yield increases in the 2030s

Effect of planting patterns of sunflower on yield and extinction coefficient

We studied the effect of different planting patterns and density of sunflower on yield and on extinction coefficient. The experiment was conducted in the field at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran on a loamy clay. Planting patterns included wide rows, conventional rows, twin rectangular rows and twin zigzag rows. Populations of plants were at 3 levels including 6, 8 and 10 plants per square meter. The results show that different planting patterns sometimes produced higher yield, but not always. Furthermore, equidistant plant distribution at equal plant densities produced a higher radiation interception and extinction coefficient. Moreover, when row spacing was reduced, grain yield increased. The greatest increase in radiation interception and in the extinction coefficient in response to planting patterns and plant densities was observed in twin zigzag rows of 8 plants m–2. Twin zigzag rows of 8 plants m–2 and conventional rows of 8 plants m–2 produced the highest yield