Evaluation of HPV-DNA Test in Detection of Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions of Cervix

ABSTRACT The knowledge that cervical neoplasia are caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection has led to the evaluation of its role in screening of cervical neoplasia. This study was carried out to evaluate the accuracy of HPV-DNA test in diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous lesions of cervix in relation to histopathology. Total no of 115 eligible women were included in this study. After recording relevant data cervix was examined on naked eye by cuscos speculum. Paps smear collection and VIA tests were done concurrently. Colposcopic examination was done who were positive in screening tests. In addition, subjects with grossly abnormal cervix even with negative in screening tests were also referred for colposcopy. Samples for HPV DNA were taken from the patients referred for colposcopy and biopsies were done in the same patients. Those with CIN I or worse lesions diagnosed by histology were considered as true positive. The study results showed the test parameters for VIA were sensitivity of 94.11%, specificity of 57.57%, positive predictive value of 12.20%, and negative predictive value of 99.70%. The test parameters for Pap smear were sensitivity of 64.71%, specificity of 94.29%, positive predictive value of 51.70% and negative predictive value of 99.80%. The test parameters for HPV DNA test were sensitivity of 82.35% and specificity of 84.85%, positive predictive value of 73.68% and negative predictive value of 90.32%. VIA and HPV-DNA tests detected all cases of high grade lesions (CIN II & III) and carcinoma. This study was that VIA is superior to Pap smear cytology and HPV-DNA test in sensitivity, that is VIA can more accurately identify the CIN/ cancer patients, On the other and Pap smear is superior to VIA and HPV-DNA test in specificity that it can more accurately identify the truly well people and HPV-DNA has strong association in high grade lesions of the cervix

Antiproliferative and hepatoprotective activity of metabolites from Corynebacterium xerosis against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cells

Objective: To find out the effective anticancer drugs from bacterial products, petroleum ether extract of Corynebacterium xerosis. Methods: Antiproliferative activity of the metabolite has been measured by monitoring the parameters like tumor weight measurement, tumor cell growth inhibition in mice and survival time of tumor bearing mice, etc. Hepatoprotective effect of the metabolites was determined by observing biochemical, hematological parameters. Results: It has been found that the petroleum ether extract bacterial metabolite significantly decrease cell growth (78.58%; P<0.01), tumor weight (36.04 %; P<0.01) and increase the life span of tumor bearing mice (69.23%; P<0.01) at dose 100 mg/kg (i.p.) in comparison to those of untreated Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice. The metabolite also alters the depleted hematological parameters like red blood cell, white blood cell, hemoglobin (Hb%), etc. towards normal in tumor bearing mice. Metabolite show no adverse effect on liver functions regarding blood glucose, serum alkaline phosphatases, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity and serum billirubin, etc. in normal mice. Histopathological observation of these mice organ does not show any toxic effect on cellular structure. But in the case of EAC bearing untreated mice these hematological and biochemical parameters deteriorate extremely with time whereas petroleum ether extract bacterial metabolite receiving EAC bearing mice nullified the toxicity induced by EAC cells. Conclusion: Study results reveal that metabolite possesses significant antiproliferative and hepatoprotective effect against EAC cells

In vivo Anticancer Activities of Benzophenone Semicarbazone against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells in Swiss Albino Mice

Objective Benzophenone semicarbazone (BSC) was synthesized and characterized to identify compounds with anticancer activities. Methods Anticancer activities were studied against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells in Swiss albino mice by monitoring parameters such as tumor weight measurement, survival time of tumor bearing mice, tumor cell growth inhibition, and so on. Some hematological parameters, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and hemoglobin content, were also measured. Results The results showed that BSC has a positive eff ect against EAC cells. An assessment was conducted by comparing these results with those obtained using the standard drug bleomycin. Conclusions The BSC compound can be considered as a potent anticancer agent

Novel therapeutics against breast cancer stem cells by targeting surface markers and signaling pathways

Background: Breast cancer remains to be one of the deadliest forms of cancers, owing to the drug resistance and tumor relapse caused by breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) despite notable advancements in radio-chemotherapies. Objectives: To find out novel therapeutics against breast cancer stem cells by aiming surface markers and signaling pathways. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted through various electronic databases including, Pubmed, Scopus, Google scholar using the keywords "BCSCs, surface markers, signaling pathways and therapeutic options against breast cancer stem cell. Articles selected for the purpose of this review were reviewed and extensively analyzed. Results: Novel therapeutic strategies include targeting BCSCs surface markers and aberrantly activated signaling pathways or targeting their components, which play critical roles in self-renewal and defense, have been shown to be significantly effective against breast cancer. In this review, we represent a number of ways against BCSCs surface markers and hyper-activated signaling pathways to target this highly malicious entity of breast cancer more effectively in order to make a feasible and useful strategy for successful breast cancer treatment. In addition, we discuss some characteristics of BCSCs in disease progression and therapy resistance. Conclusion: BCSCs involved in cancer pathogenesis, therapy resistance and cancer recurrence. Thus, it is suggested that a multi-dimensional therapeutic approach by targeting surface markers and aberrantly activated signaling pathways of BCSCs alone or in combination with each other could really be worthwhile in the treatment of breast cancer

Plasticity of cancer stem cell: origin and role in disease progression and therapy resistance

In embryonic development and throughout life, there are some cells can exhibit phenotypic plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of cells to differentiate into multiple lineages. In normal development, plasticity is highly regulated whereas cancer cells re-activate this dynamic ability for their own progression. The re-activation of these mechanisms enables cancer cells to acquire a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype- a subpopulation of cells with increased ability to survive in a hostile environment and resist therapeutic insults. There are several contributors fuel CSC plasticity in different stages of disease progression such as a complex network of tumour stroma, epidermal microenvironment and different sub-compartments within tumour. These factors play a key role in the transformation of tumour cells from a stable condition to a progressive state. In addition, flexibility in the metabolic state of CSCs helps in disease progression. Moreover, epigenetic changes such as chromatin, DNA methylation could stimulate the phenotypic change of CSCs. Development of resistance to therapy due to highly plastic behaviour of CSCs is a major cause of treatment failure in cancers. However, recent studies explored that plasticity can also expose the weaknesses in CSCs, thereby could be utilized for future therapeutic development. Therefore, in this review, we discuss how cancer cells acquire the plasticity, especially the role of the normal developmental process, tumour microenvironment, and epigenetic changes in the development of plasticity. We further highlight the therapeutic resistance property of CSCs attributed by plasticity. Also, outline some potential therapeutic options against plasticity of CSCs. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Antineoplastic Activity of Bis-tyrosinediaqua Ni(II) Against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma

ABSTRACT: In order to find out new compounds having antineoplastic activity, bis-tyrosine diaqua nickel (II) complex was synthesized and characterized. The antineoplastic activity of the compound was judged by measuring inhibition of tumour growth and enhancement of survival time of EAC cell bearing mice. In addition its effects on haematological parameters and serum alkaline phosphatase activity of both normal and EAC bearing mice were also studied. The test compound significantly inhibited the tumour growth and increased life span of tumour bearing mice at dose 10 mg/kg i.p. The treatment also recovered the perturbed haematological parameters as well as the serum alkaline phosphatase activity towards normal. The host toxicity of the test compound was found to be negligible. The compound can be considered as an effective antineoplastic agent

MicroRNAs, a promising target for breast cancer stem cells

Reactivation of the stem cell programme in breast cancer is significantly associated with persistent cancer progression and therapeutic failure. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are involved in the process of breast cancer initiation, metastasis and cancer relapse. Among the various important cues found in the formation and progression of BCSCs, microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play a pivotal role by regulating the expression of various tumour suppressor genes or oncogenes. Accordingly, there is evidence that miRNAs are associated with BCSC self-renewal, differentiation, invasion, metastasis and therapy resistance, and therefore cancer recurrence. miRNAs execute their roles by regulating the expression of stemness markers, activation of signalling pathways or their components and regulation of transcription networks in BCSCs. Therefore, a better understanding of the association between BCSCs and miRNAs has the potential to help design more effective and safer therapeutic solutions against breast cancer. Thus, an miRNA-based therapeutic strategy may open up new horizons for the treatment of breast cancer in the future. In view of this, we present the progress to date of miRNA research associated with stemness marker expression, signalling pathways and activation of transcription networks to regulate the self-renewal, differentiation and therapy resistance properties of BCSCs