A Study of the Effects of Acidity on Shelf Life and Type of Spoilage in Market Milk

The addition of the Streptococcus lactis culture in the pasteurized milk was studied, in an attempt to find the effects of the culture in prolonging shelf life of the milk. Various concentrations of the culture were tried to find the optimum concentration that would give favorable effect on keeping quality of the milk. It was found that the addition of Streptococcus lactis culture at the rate of 0.0001 percent has shown promising effects in prolonging shelf life of the milk at the storage temperature of 40 F. In addition to the above study, effects of added acid in the pasteurized milk, were studied. The adjustment of pH with the addition of the citric acid used in these studies, had no effect in extending the keeping quality of the pasteurized market milk. The acid treatment of the milk showed spoilage earlier than the control samples of the milk. Two temperatures, 40 F and 50 F were studied to find suitable temperature for storage of the milk. It was observed that the 50 F is not a desirable temperature for storage of pasteurized milk. A 40 F temperature was found better for storage of the milk. Bacteriological studies done simultaneously, on pasteurized milk stored at 40 F, showed that the coliform organisms did not multiply at that temperature. The initial bacterial counts on psycrophilic organisms were negative; but after seven days their presence was in large number. The number of organisms as determined by the Standard Plate Count, was not a reliable indicator of the keeping quality during storage temperature of 40 F

"Everyone is leaving. Who will sow our fields?": The livelihood effects on women of male migration from Khotang and Udaypur districts, Nepal, to the gulf countries and Malaysia

Over the last ten years, the massive outmigration for foreign employment, mostly to the Gulf and Malaysia, has changed the livelihoods and social structure of rural Nepal. The remittance inflows into rural districts dwarf other flows of finance, and the absence of men from the agricultural and other labor forces has severe effects on agricultural production and gender relations. A study undertaken in the Khotang and Udaypur districts in the hills of Nepal indicates a complex series of social, economic, and ecological effects of migration at household and community level. This paper presents these findings, focusing on the gendered and class effects of migration. It looks at the changes within households and communities, including effects on labor force and labor patterns, shifts in male-female ownership of productive assets, and changes in areas of authority and decision-making. All of these have longer-term effects on social dynamics as well as on the agrarian landscape, including wide-ranging impacts on women's and children's lives

Restore the natural: a review and case series report on reattachment

Reattachment of the original tooth fragment to the fractured tooth helps in maintaining the tooth's color, wear resistance, morphology and translucency in the restoration. This article describes the reattachment of fractured fragment using a fiber post and dual cure resin cement with a self-etching adhesive. Two young male patients reported with a complicated crown fracture of the right maxillary central incisor due a road traffic accident. The fractured fragments were loosely attached to the palatal gingival tissue, which was then surgically removed and preserved for the reattachment procedure. The fractured tooth segments were successfully reattached following fiber post cementation. Tooth fragment reattachment procedure offers ultraconservative, safe, fast and esthetically pleasing results when the fractured fragment is available due to the improvement of adhesive techniques and restorative materials. Fiber reinforced resins not only allows creation of esthetic restoration but also the preservation and reinforcement of tooth structure. At the 18months follow-up, the resultant appearance was acceptable to the patient

Transiently Transfected Purine Biosynthetic Enzymes Form Stress Bodies

It has been hypothesized that components of enzymatic pathways might organize into intracellular assemblies to improve their catalytic efficiency or lead to coordinate regulation. Accordingly, de novo purine biosynthesis enzymes may form a purinosome in the absence of purines, and a punctate intracellular body has been identified as the purinosome. We investigated the mechanism by which human de novo purine biosynthetic enzymes might be organized into purinosomes, especially under differing cellular conditions. Irregardless of the activity of bodies formed by endogenous enzymes, we demonstrate that intracellular bodies formed by transiently transfected, fluorescently tagged human purine biosynthesis proteins are best explained as protein aggregation.This work was supported by grants from the United States National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, and Welch (F1515) and Packard Foundations to EMM. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Cellular and Molecular Biolog

Case Study 1: Movement Groups with Flat, Innovative Governance Structures

Black Lives Matter, Occupy Wall Street, the global justice/anti-globalization movement, the radical environmental movement of the 1990s, and other organizations have moved away from traditional hierarchical models of leadership within their movements in favor of more horizontal, “leader-full” structures or network models. More horizontal or network models have been used even when a group of people is engaged in what might ordinarily be considered “service” work, like disaster recovery and feeding the hungry. Relatedly, organizers of mass mobilizations may engage the support of lawyers even before these actions crystallize into a movement or formally structured organization—as informal governance structures exist in the planning and execution of these mobilizations. One example is the Ferguson Legal Defense Network, which formed under the direction of trusted lawyer contacts amidst the mass mobilizations in Ferguson in the aftermath of the police killing of Michael Brown Jr. This short contribution examines some of these non-traditional, social movement-based lawyer-client relationships, evaluates the accompanying professional responsibility challenges, and offers preliminary approaches. These challenges—though not insurmountable—require thought and a foundational understanding of the goals and methods of social movement organizations

Profile of pathogens isolated from different clinical samples and their antimicrobial pattern: a retrospective study

Background: Since there is a significant rise in resistant bacteria to different antimicrobial agents, there is a need to study the resistance pattern of different isolates from different clinical samples for effective use of available antimicrobials by clinicians. The aim of the present study was to detect the resistance pattern of various antimicrobials against different clinical isolates in hospitalised patients in out setting.Methods: This is a retrospective study involving the collection of the data from the records of microbiology laboratory. All clinical specimens were processed as per standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar plate as per CLSI guidelines.Results: A total of 153 isolates were recovered from 219 clinical samples accounting for 69.86% of total positivity. Which includes gram negative bacilli 107/153 (69.93%) gram positive cocci 36/153 (23.53%) and yeast 10/153 (6.54%). Among the total isolates gram negative bacilli account for major number of isolates 69.93% followed by gram positive cocci 23.53% and yeast 6.54%. Gram positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli showed a significant level of antimicrobial resistance. Nitrofurantoin is highly effective against urinary isolates of Escherichia coli. vancomycin and linezolid are most effective antimicrobials against gram positive cocci. Among gram negative bacilli meropenem and amikacin are most effective antimicrobials. Statistical significance of occurrence of Escherichia coli as predominant isolate as compared to other isolates were analysed by chi square test by using GraphPad online calculator. A p value<0.001 was obtained.Conclusions: Significant rise in antimicrobial resistant pathogens were observed. Local antimicrobial policy should be developed for effective selection of available antimicrobials which are the need of the day to reduce the burden of diseases on global health care system

Finite β\beta Effects on Short Wavelength Ion Temperature Gradient Modes

The electromagnetic effect is studied on the short wavelength branch of the ion temperature gradient mode in the linear regime for the first time using a global gyrokinetic model. The short wavelength ion temperature gradient mode growth rate is found to be reduced in the presence of electromagnetic perturbations at finite plasma $\beta$. The effect on real frequency is found to be weak. The threshold value of $\eta_i$ is found to increase for the mode as the magnitude of $\beta$ is increased. The global mode structure of the short wavelength branch of the ion temperature gradient mode is compared with the conventional branch. The magnetic character of the mode, measured as the ratio of mode average square values of electromagnetic potential to electrostatic potential, is found to increase with increasing values of the plasma $\beta$. The mixing length estimate for flux shows that the maximum contribution still comes from the long wavelengths modes. The magnitude of the flux decreases with increasing $\beta$.Comment: 23 pages,23 figure

Numerical Modeling of a Wave Turbine and Estimation of Shaft Work

Wave rotors are periodic-flow devices that provide dynamic pressure exchange and efficient energy transfer through internal pressure waves generated due to fast opening and closing of ports. Wave turbines are wave rotors with curved channels that can produce shaft work through change of angular momentum from inlet to exit. In the present work, conservation equations with averaging in the transverse directions are derived for wave turbines, and quasi-one-dimensional model for axial-channel non-steady flow is extended to account for blade curvature effects. The importance of inlet incidence is explained and the duct angle is optimized to minimize incidence loss for a particular boundary condition. Two different techniques are presented for estimating the work transfer between the gas and rotor due to flow turning, based on conservation of angular momentum and of energy. The use of two different methods to estimate the shaft work provides confidence in reporting of work output and confirms internal consistency of the model while it awaits experimental data for validation. The extended wave turbine model is used to simulate the flow in a three-port wave rotor. The work output is calculated for blades with varying curvature, including the straight axial channel as a reference case. The dimensional shaft work is reported for the idealized situation where all loss-generating mechanisms except flow incidence are absent, thus excluding leakage, heat transfer, friction, port opening time, and windage losses. The model developed in the current work can be used to determine the optimal wave turbine designs for experimental investment