Synaptic partner prediction from point annotations in insect brains

High-throughput electron microscopy allows recording of lar- ge stacks of neural tissue with sufficient resolution to extract the wiring diagram of the underlying neural network. Current efforts to automate this process focus mainly on the segmentation of neurons. However, in order to recover a wiring diagram, synaptic partners need to be identi- fied as well. This is especially challenging in insect brains like Drosophila melanogaster, where one presynaptic site is associated with multiple post- synaptic elements. Here we propose a 3D U-Net architecture to directly identify pairs of voxels that are pre- and postsynaptic to each other. To that end, we formulate the problem of synaptic partner identification as a classification problem on long-range edges between voxels to encode both the presence of a synaptic pair and its direction. This formulation allows us to directly learn from synaptic point annotations instead of more ex- pensive voxel-based synaptic cleft or vesicle annotations. We evaluate our method on the MICCAI 2016 CREMI challenge and improve over the current state of the art, producing 3% fewer errors than the next best method

Spatially modulated magnetic structure of EuS due to the tetragonal domain structure of SrTiO3_3

The combination of ferromagnets with topological superconductors or insulators allows for new phases of matter that support excitations such as chiral edge modes and Majorana fermions. EuS, a wide-band-gap ferromagnetic insulator with a Curie temperature around 16 K, and SrTiO$_3$ (STO), an important substrate for engineering heterostructures, may support these phases. We present scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements of EuS grown epitaxially on STO that reveal micron-scale variations in ferromagnetism and paramagnetism. These variations are oriented along the STO crystal axes and only change their configuration upon thermal cycling above the STO cubic-to-tetragonal structural transition temperature at 105 K, indicating that the observed magnetic features are due to coupling between EuS and the STO tetragonal structure. We speculate that the STO tetragonal distortions may strain the EuS, altering the magnetic anisotropy on a micron-scale. This result demonstrates that local variation in the induced magnetic order from EuS grown on STO needs to be considered when engineering new phases of matter that require spatially homogeneous exchange

Ru(III)-catalysed oxidation of some N-heterocycles by chloramine-T in hydrochloric acid medium: A kinetic and mechanistic study

The kinetics of the ruthenium(III) chloride (Ru(III))-catalysed oxidation of five N-heterocycles (S) viz. imidazole (IzlH), benzimidazole (BzlH), 2-hydroxybenzimidazole (2-HyBzlH), 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AmBzlH) and 2-phenylbenzimidazole (2-PhBzlH) by sodium-N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide (chloramine-T; CAT) in the presence of HCl has been studied at 313 K. The oxidation reaction follows the identical kinetics for all the five N-heterocycles and obeys the rate law, rate = k CAT0 S 0 x H+y Ru(III)z, where x, y and z are less than unity. Addition of p-toluenesulfonamide (PTS) retards the reaction rate. Variation of ionic strength of the medium and the addition of halide ions show negligible effect on the rate of the reaction. The rate was found to increase in D2O medium and showed positive dielectric effect. The reaction products are identified. The rates are measured at different temperatures for all substrates and the composite activation parameters have been computed from the Arrhenius plots. From enthalpy-entropy relationships and Exner correlations, the calculated isokinetic temperature (β) of 392 K is much higher than the experimental temperature (313 K), indicating that, the rate has been under enthalpy control. Relative reactivity of these substrates are in the order: 2-HyBzlH > 2-AmBzlH > BzlH > IzlH > 2-PhBzlH. This trend may be attributed to resonance and inductive effects. Further, the kinetics of Ru(III)-catalysed oxidation of these N-heterocycles have been compared with uncatalysed reactions (in the absence of Ru(III) catalyst) and found that the catalysed reactions are 16-20 times faster. The catalytic constant (KC) was also calculated for each substrate at different temperatures. From the plots of log KC versus 1/T, values of activation parameters with respect to the catalyst have been evaluated. H2O+Cl has been postulated as the reactive oxidizing species. The reaction mechanism and the derived rate law are consistent with the observed experimental results. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Study of awareness of insulin usage in diabetics attending NRI Medical College and General Hospital

Background: India had 69.2 million diabetic patients. Insulin is an important part of diabetes treatment, but one-third of patients fail to take their insulin as prescribed, and many adults intentionally skip their doses. Since, diabetes treatment continues for lifetime, there is a need to assess the knowledge and understanding of patients in relation to their disease process and its management.Methods: A cross sectional, observational, knowledge and attitude survey were carried on patients with type II diabetes mellitus who are taking insulin therapy and attended medicine diabetes OPD in tertiary care Hospital during the period of April 2017 to Dec 2017. 200 diabetic patients’ ≥18 years of age who were willing to respond to the study questionnaire were interviewed.Results: Total of 200 study participants were interviewed using structured questionnaires, almost 75 (37.5%) of the respondents were age group of 41 - 50 years. 109 (54.5 %) male, 67 (33.5%)Hindus, 121 (60.5 %) married,79 (39.5%) were primary school, 120 (73.8%) were family history of diabetes, duration of treatment1-3 years 72 (31.5 %), 160 (63%) of the study subjects know about diabetes is high blood glucose, 119(59.5%)of subjects know complications of diabetes, 165(82.5%) were know about insulin used for diabetes, 115 (57.5%) of patients know other substitute for insulin, 94 (47%) of the study subjects have knowledge of complications of insulin therapy, 85 (42.5) were know different types of insulin preparations, 141 (70.5%) were know insulin is mandatory in some patients,159 (79.5%) were understood the route of administration of insulin.Conclusions: The finding of present study showed that, diabetes patients had average knowledge and less favourable attitude among diabetic patients toward insulin therapy

Evaluation of adverse drug reactions of anti-tubercular drugs in the treatment of tuberculosis in tertiary care hospital

Background: Adverse drug reactions are very common among patients on anti-tubercular treatment. Hence, the current study was done to evaluate the adverse drug reaction (ADR) profile in patients receiving anti-tubercular treatment (ATT).Methods: A 6 months prospective, cross-sectional observational study was performed in collaboration with Pulmonology Medicine department. WHO-UMC scale and Naranjo scale was used to evaluate the ADRs.Results: Ninety-two patients receiving ATT presented with 113 adverse drug events (ADE). Males were more affected than females. DOTS category-1 regimen was mostly responsible for ADE. Addition of drugs for the management of ADR events was done.Conclusions: The study results show more ADRs related to ATT demanding increased collaboration between NTEP 2020 and Pharmacovigilance Programme of India to enhance drug safety in this field

NIT COVID-19 at WNUT-2020 Task 2: Deep Learning Model RoBERTa for Identify Informative COVID-19 English Tweets

This paper presents the model submitted by the NIT_COVID-19 team for identified informative COVID-19 English tweets at WNUT-2020 Task2. This shared task addresses the problem of automatically identifying whether an English tweet related to informative (novel coronavirus) or not. These informative tweets provide information about recovered, confirmed, suspected, and death cases as well as the location or travel history of the cases. The proposed approach includes pre-processing techniques and pre-trained RoBERTa with suitable hyperparameters for English coronavirus tweet classification. The performance achieved by the proposed model for shared task WNUT 2020 Task2 is 89.14% in the F1-score metric.Comment: 5 pages, one figures, conferenc

Study on the Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetic Children

INTRODUCTION: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease resulting in insulin deficiency. In the recent two decades, the world wide prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased significantly.(1) There is a genetic predisposition towards T1DM. This also predisposes these individuals to other autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease, celiac disease and adrenal insufficiency. Of all the above mentioned diseases autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is the most frequently encountered one.(2, 3) According to various studies, 15-30% of T1DM patients have AIT,(4-7) 4-9% have celiac disease and 0.5% have Addison disease. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To study the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among children with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetic children attending Diabetic clinic at Institute of Child Health from August 2011 to october 2012. 2. To correlate the effect of thyroid dysfunction on age, gender, duration of diabetes, glycemic control, lipid abnormality and BMI in these T1DM children. OBJECTIVE: Studies in different populations have shown great variation in the prevalence of thyroid diseases in individuals with T1DM. The objective was to study the prevalence of thyroid disorders such as autoimmunity of thyroid (AIT), thyroid dysfunction, and goiter in children with T1DM DISCUSSION: The present study showed that children with T1DM had high levels of both anti-TPO and anti-Tg antibodies. AIT is the most prevalent autoimmune disorders associated with T1DM(20,35). The reason for the high prevalence of some autoimmune disorders in these patients still remains undetermined. It may be due to a increased tendency to act against specific antigens, or loss of self recognition particularly when there is genetic or environmental trigger. According to some studies, HLA(30,31) or some genetic component outside the HLA (i.e., CTLA4 and PTPN22 ) might be a reason (37,38) in the occurrence of AIT in T1DM patients. Moreover, environmental triggers such as any stressful event, infection, trauma may also play a role. Both T1DM and AIT are diseases which occurs as a result of autoimmunity mediated through T-cell pathway. In the present study, the prevalence of positivity for anti-TPO Antibody, anti-Tg antibody, and the prevalence of positivity for both antibodies and AIT (at least one positive antibody) in children with T1DM were 21%, 14%,13% and 22.5% respectively. CONCLUSION: Hypothyroidism is predominantly autoimmune in T1DM children. Mostly it is asymptomatic. This emphasizes the need for regular thyroid screening in diabetic children. Children with T1DM had higher prevalence of AIT. To conclude, the presence of thyroid antibody positivity was common among our T1DM children. Important among the risk factors for AIT to develop in these children include increasing age , female sex, longer duration of diabetes. Importantly AIT significantly affects lipid status of the body which increases the long term morbidity in these children. Presence of AIT makes the glycemic control difficult, predisposing these individuals to hypoglycemia. Though AIT has not been found to affect the growth of T1DM children it is extremely important in long term to monitor BMI . Hence it is recommended that all patients with T1DM should undergo screening for AIT at the time of diagnosis of diabetes and then yearly or atleast 2-3 yearly. If thyroid antibody is positive they should be followed up regularly. Presence of thyroid antibody is not an indicator to start treatment. Current recommendation is that treatment is decided based on the level of TSH. Importance of diagnosing AIT lies in the fact that these individuals are more prone to develop thyroid dysfunction and that early diagnosis aids to initiate treatment early. To summarize, the antibodies should be screened in T1DM children to find AIT, but its value to predict the progression of the clinical manifestation is limited. These patients with positive antibodies should be followed up because further deterioration of the thyroid gland may occur

समुद्री मोति संवर्धन तकनीक

मोति संवर्धन केलिए शुक्ति का चयन ; न्यूक्लियस का रोपण ; आदि प