Comparison of chemical characteristics of shoot, root and litter in three range species of Salsola rigida, Artemisia sieberi and Stipa barbata

Some chemical characteristics of root, shoot and litter of index species such as Salsola rigida, Artemisia sieberi and Stipa barbata commonly used in rangeland development projects were evaluated and compared. Chemical properties of soil under and between the above mentioned species were also studied. For this purpose, vegetation types of Stipa barbata and Artemisia sieberi - Salsola rigida were selected in Zarand-eSaveh rangelands. Totally, 30 individuals of each species within each type were randomly selected for shoot, root and litter sampling and chemical analyses. Also, values of N, P, K, C and C/N ratio were measured in different parts of the species. Results showed that the highest and lowest C/N ratios were related to Stipa barbata root and Artemisia sieberi shoots, respectively. N and P values of Stipa barbata litter were the lowest while Artemisia sieberi and Salsola rigida shoots had the highest values of P and N, respectively. Litter of Salsola rigida and shoot of Artemisia sieberi had the lowest and highest K, respectively. C/N ratio of A. sieberi soil was lower than rest of the species

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

Investigação sobre a captação e acúmulo de chumbo e zinco por stipa hohenackeriana trin. & rupr. em experimentos de campo e em vaso

13 páginas.-- 8 tablas.-- 40 referencias.-- the articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and non- commercial applications.[EN]: This study was conducted to evaluate Pb and Zn uptake, mobility, and accumulation in Stipa hohenackeriana using field soil in pot and field experiments. Moreover, the effects of Municipal Solid Waste Compost (MSWC) (0, 1, and 2%) and Nano-Silica (NS) (0, 250, and 500 mg/kg) on Stipa biomass, Pb and Zn availability in the soil, and Pb and Zn uptake and accumulation were studied using pot experiments. Samples of soil, root, and shoots of Stipa were collected from field and greenhouse and after drying, extraction of Pb and Zn was done by acid digestion. Bio-Concentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Factor (TF) were calculated to determine Pb and Zn phytoremediation efficiency. The amount of Zn and Pb remediation by Stipa from soil was determined by remediation factor (RF). The results of field experiments showed the Pb and Zn level decreased in the order of: soil >shoot>root. Results of the pot experiments also showed that plants grown in NS500-amended pots had 33% and 32% higher Pb in roots and shoots compared to control pots, respectively. In comparison, roots Pb concentration in pots amended with MSWC1% and MSWC2% decreased 22.4% and 1.7%, respectively. Roots and shoots Zn concentration in NS500-amended pots was 5.6% and 6.5% higher, respectively. However, root Zn concentration in treatments of MSWC1% and MSWC2% decreased 52.3% and 39.4%, respectively. Shoots Zn concentration decreased 52.5% and 40.0%, respectively. Although MSWC decreased the uptake and accumulation of Pb and Zn in Stipa roots and shoots, it improved the plant growth and consequently increased RF and soil remediation compared to the NS. Thus, it seems that applying MSWC and NS simultaneously can be a suitable strategy for the purpose of improving phytoremediation capability of Stipa in the Pb and Zn contaminated soils. In general, Stipa can be a suitable candidate for the accumulation of heavy metals, especially for Pb and Zn contaminated soils.[PO]: Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a absorção, mobilidade e acumulação de Pb e Zn em Stipa hohenackeriana em experiências usando solo de campo em vaso e em campo. Além disso, os efeitos do Composto Municipal de Resíduos Sólidos (MSWC) (0, 1 e 2%) e de nanopartículas de sílica (NS) (0, 250 e 500 mg/kg) na biomassa de Stipa, na disponibilidade de Pb e Zn no solo, e na absorção e acúmulo de Pb e Zn foram estudados usando experiências em vaso. Amostras de solo, raiz e brotos de Stipa foram coletadas do campo e da estufa e, após a secagem, a extração de Pb e Zn foi feita por digestão ácida. O Fator de Bioconcentração (BCF) e o Fator de Translocação (TF) foram calculados para determinar a eficiência de fitorremediação de Pb e Zn. A quantidade de remediação de Zn e Pb pela Stipa a partir do solo foi determinada pelo Fator de Remediação (RF). Os resultados das experiências de campo mostraram que o nível de Pb e Zn diminuiu na seguinte ordem: solo > broto > raiz. Os resultados das experiências em vaso também mostraram que as plantas cultivadas em vasos corrigidos com NS500 apresentaram teores de Pb 33% e 32% maiores em raízes e brotos em comparação com vasos de controle, respectivamente. Em comparação, a concentração de Pb em raízes em vasos corrigidos com MSWC1% e MSWC2% diminuiu 22,4% e 1,7%, respectivamente. A concentração de Zn em raízes e brotos em vasos corrigidos com NS500 foi de 5,6% e 6,5% maior, respectivamente. No entanto, a concentração de Zn da raiz nos tratamentos de MSWC1% e MSWC2% diminuiu 52,3% e 39,4%, respectivamente. A concentração de Zn nos brotos diminuiu 52,5% e 40,0%, respectivamente. Embora o MSWC tenha diminuído a absorção e acumulação de Pb e Zn nas raízes e brotos de Stipa, melhorou o crescimento da planta e consequentemente aumentou o RF e a remediação do solo em relação ao NS. Assim, parece que aplicar MSWC e NS simultaneamente pode ser uma estratégia adequada com o objetivo de melhorar a capacidade de fitorremediação de Stipa nos solos contaminados com Pb e Zn. Em geral, a Stipa pode ser um candidato adequado para a acumulação de metais pesados, especialmente para solos contaminados com Pb e Zn.Peer reviewe

Prevalence and main determinants of early post-traumatic thromboembolism in patients requiring ICU admission

Background: Post-traumatic thromboembolism (PE) is now a common challenging particularly in critically ill patients referred to emergency wards. We aimed to identify main factors associated with PE within 72 h of admission after trauma among patients referred to emergency ward. Methods: In this retrospective study, the database records of 240 patients, with the primary diagnosis of trauma requiring ICU admission and with a final diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, were reviewed. The patients were categorized as the subjects with early pulmonary embolism (�3 days) and those with late pulmonary embolism (>3 days). Results: According to our analysis, 48.5 of the patients suffered PE faced this event within 72 h of trauma events. The patients in early PE group were older than those who suffered late PE. The prevalence rate of long bone fractures in lower extremities was significantly higher in those with early PE compared with the other patients. The group with early PE had more severe injury when compared to those with later PE. The severe and very severe injuries were indicated in 49.5 and 15.4 in early PE group, and 14.0 and 6.9 in late PE group, respectively. Using the multivariable logistic regression model, older age, presence of long bone fractures, and more severe injury could predict occurrence of early PE in trauma patients referred to emergency ward. Conclusion: Occurring early PE is predicted in majority of traumatic patients requiring ICU admission especially in older ones, patients with long bone fractures and those with more severe injury. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

Prevalence and main determinants of early post-traumatic thromboembolism in patients requiring ICU admission

Background: Post-traumatic thromboembolism (PE) is now a common challenging particularly in critically ill patients referred to emergency wards. We aimed to identify main factors associated with PE within 72 h of admission after trauma among patients referred to emergency ward. Methods: In this retrospective study, the database records of 240 patients, with the primary diagnosis of trauma requiring ICU admission and with a final diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, were reviewed. The patients were categorized as the subjects with early pulmonary embolism (�3 days) and those with late pulmonary embolism (>3 days). Results: According to our analysis, 48.5 of the patients suffered PE faced this event within 72 h of trauma events. The patients in early PE group were older than those who suffered late PE. The prevalence rate of long bone fractures in lower extremities was significantly higher in those with early PE compared with the other patients. The group with early PE had more severe injury when compared to those with later PE. The severe and very severe injuries were indicated in 49.5 and 15.4 in early PE group, and 14.0 and 6.9 in late PE group, respectively. Using the multivariable logistic regression model, older age, presence of long bone fractures, and more severe injury could predict occurrence of early PE in trauma patients referred to emergency ward. Conclusion: Occurring early PE is predicted in majority of traumatic patients requiring ICU admission especially in older ones, patients with long bone fractures and those with more severe injury. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived with Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups from 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Importance: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. Objective: To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. Evidence Review: The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95 uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings: In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95 UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95 UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3 (95 UI, 20.3-32.3) increase in new cases, a 20.9 (95 UI, 14.2-27.6) increase in deaths, and a 16.0 (95 UI, 9.3-22.8) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4 (1.1-1.8) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7 (4.2-7.1) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world.. © 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9–15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6–14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts