Development and application of numerical models for simulating bio-oil gasification

Bio-oil, a mixture of complex oxygenated hydrocarbons, is obtained through fast pyrolysis of solid biomass. As biomass is low in energy density and not easily transportable, a novel approach is to convert biomass to bio-oil, transport bio-oil to a centralized facility, gasify bio-oil to syngas, and upgrade syngas to transportation fuels and other high-value chemicals. In this study, a comprehensive numerical model was developed to simulate the gasification of bio-oil at different operating conditions and different reactor geometries. The present model considers spray, atomization, vaporization, and chemical reactions of bio-oil. Bio-oil was modeled as a multi-component fuel, consisting of ten major components. The Joback method, a group contribution method, was used to calculate the bio-oil thermophysical properties, including enthalpy, latent heat, and vapor pressure. With the bio-oil thermophysical properties, vaporization of single bio-oil drop was simulated, and results show that the heaviest component, i.e., levoglucosan, is the last component which remains in the drop. A thermodynamic equilibrium approach was used to account for chemical reactions. Gasification of methanol was first simulated for model validation. The numerical simulations of bio-oil gasification at different operating pressures and equivalence ratios were also conducted. Comparisons between the numerical results and experimental data show that the current model can predict gasification process reasonably well. Results show that syngas yield is independent of the ambient pressure while sensible to equivalence ratio. The simulation results show that conversion of bio-oil to syngas occurs gradually along the gasifier. Using the current model, bio-oil gasification was studied for large reactors with high gasification capacity. It was found that a reactor with 30 cm in diameter and 300 cm in length can gasify bio-oil at a rate of 6 ton/day and the gasification products can reach their equilibrium state at the reactor outlet. It is estimated that a gasifier with 200 cm in diameter and 300 cm in length can allow the use of 20 injectors to gasify 120 ton/day of bio-oil. Therefore, it is suggested that 10 such gasifiers can be assembled in a biorefinery to achieve the capacity of 1200 tons of bio-oil per day. This quantity of bio-oil corresponds approximately to 2000 ton/day of solid biomass that is used for fast pyrolysis to produce 1200 ton/day of bio-oil

Petrografía y geoquímica de magmas intrusivos en Varmaqan - Sardare ghobadi en el oeste de Irán

The study area is a quadrilateral of 155 km2 between eastern longitude 47˚ and 40 ′ to 47˚ and 52 ′ and northern latitudes 35˚ and 00 ′ to 35˚ and 04 ′ that is located in west of Iran, north of Sonqor city and between Varmaqan and Sardare Ghobadi villages of Kermanshah province. In this range, the intrusive rocks are alkaline granite, granite, granodiorite, tonalite, quartz alkaline syenite, quartz monzonite, quartz monzodiorite, quartz diorite, alkaline syenite, monzonite, diorite, gabbro diorite, gabbro, and olivine gabbro as they were injected in the iron ores of cretaceous which has resulted in contact metamorphism and created hornfels at the site of contact. After comprehensive sampling of all required igneous rocks and according to the thesis objectives, thin sections were prepared and after petrography and some samples were selected for geochemical experiments. XRF analysis, ICP and alkaline fusion were performed on some samples. According to geochemical and petrological studies, the magmas forming these intrusive igneous rocks are from one region and because of magmatic differentiation or fractional crystallization, they from basaltic to acidic terms. Samples of this quadrilateral have a meta-alumina nature and granitoids are in the range of arc islands granites, continental arc granitoids and continental collision granitoids. The mineralogical and chemical composition of the acidic rocks in the area show that the granites in this study are type I.El área de estudio es un cuadrilátero de 155 km² entre la longitud oriental 47 ° y 40 'a 47 ° y 52' y las latitudes norte 35 ° y 00 'a 35 ° y 04' que se encuentra al oeste de Irán, al norte de la ciudad de Sonqor  y entre las aldeas Varmaqan y Sardare Ghobadi de la provincia de Kermanshah.  En este rango, las rocas intrusivas son granito alcalino, granito, granodiorita, tonalita, sienita alcalina de cuarzo, monzonita de cuarzo, monzodiorita de cuarzo, diorita de cuarzo, sienita alcalina, monzonita, diorita, diorita de gabro, gabro y gabro de olivina cuando se inyectaron.  los minerales de hierro del cretáceo que han resultado en metamorfismo de contacto y creado hornfels en el sitio de contacto.  Después del muestreo exhaustivo de todas las rocas ígneas requeridas y de acuerdo con los objetivos de la tesis, se prepararon secciones delgadas y después de la petrografía y se seleccionaron algunas muestras para experimentos geoquímicos.  Análisis de XRF, ICP y fusión alcalina se realizaron en algunas muestras.  De acuerdo con estudios geoquímicos y petrológicos, los magmas que forman estas rocas ígneas intrusivas son de región y, debido a la diferenciación magmática o cristalización fraccionada, pasan de términos basálticos a ácidos.  Las muestras de este cuadrilátero tienen una naturaleza de meta-alúmina y los granitoides están en el rango de granitos de islas de arco, granitoides de arco continental y granitoides de colisión continentales.  La composición mineralógica y química de las rocas ácidas en el área muestra que los granitos en este estudio son de tipo I

GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROGENESIS OF PLUTONIC MASSES IN NORTH OF SONQOR (WEST OF IRAN)

The study area is a quadrilateral that is in west of Iran and north of Sonqor city of Kermanshah province. This area is 155 km2 between eastern longitude 47˚ and 40 ′ to 47˚ and 52 ′ and northern latitudes 35˚ and 00 ′ to 35˚ and 04 ′. In this range, the intrusive rocks are Olivine gabbro, gabbro, gabbro diorite, diorite, monzonite, alkaline sinite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite, quartz monzonite, quartz alkaline sinite, tonalite, granodiorite, granite and alkaline granite, they were injected in the iron ores of cretaceous which has resulted in contact metamorphism and created hornfels at the site of contact. After comprehensive sampling of all required igneous rocks and according to the thesis objectives, 90 thin sections were prepared and after petrography, 24 samples were selected for geochemical experiments. XRF analysis were performed on 9 samples and ICP and alkaline fusion were performed on 15 samples. According to geochemical and petrological studies, the magmas forming these intrusive igneous rocks are from one region and because of magmatic differentiation or fractional crystallization, they from basaltic to acidic terms. According to the alkaline-silica diagrams, the studied rocks are in the range of tolite, calk-alkaline, potassium-rich calk-alkaline, and shoshonitic series. Based on tectono-magmatic diagrams, samples of this quadrilateral have a meta-alumina nature and granitoids are in the range of arc islands granites, continental arc granitoids and continental collision granitoids. The mineralogical and chemical composition of the acidic rocks in the area show that the granites in this study are type I

GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROGENESIS OF PLUTONIC MASSES IN NORTH OF SONQOR (WEST OF IRAN)

The study area is a quadrilateral that is in west of Iran and north of Sonqor city of Kermanshah province. This area is 155 km2 between eastern longitude 47˚ and 40 ′ to 47˚ and 52 ′ and northern latitudes 35˚ and 00 ′ to 35˚ and 04 ′. In this range, the intrusive rocks are Olivine gabbro, gabbro, gabbro diorite, diorite, monzonite, alkaline sinite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite, quartz monzonite, quartz alkaline sinite, tonalite, granodiorite, granite and alkaline granite, they were injected in the iron ores of cretaceous which has resulted in contact metamorphism and created hornfels at the site of contact. After comprehensive sampling of all required igneous rocks and according to the thesis objectives, 90 thin sections were prepared and after petrography, 24 samples were selected for geochemical experiments. XRF analysis were performed on 9 samples and ICP and alkaline fusion were performed on 15 samples. According to geochemical and petrological studies, the magmas forming these intrusive igneous rocks are from one region and because of magmatic differentiation or fractional crystallization, they from basaltic to acidic terms. According to the alkaline-silica diagrams, the studied rocks are in the range of tolite, calk-alkaline, potassium-rich calk-alkaline, and shoshonitic series. Based on tectono-magmatic diagrams, samples of this quadrilateral have a meta-alumina nature and granitoids are in the range of arc islands granites, continental arc granitoids and continental collision granitoids. The mineralogical and chemical composition of the acidic rocks in the area show that the granites in this study are type I

Petrografía y geoquímica de magmas intrusivos en Varmaqan - Sardare ghobadi en el oeste de Irán

The study area is a quadrilateral of 155 km2 between eastern longitude 47˚ and 40 ′ to 47˚ and 52 ′ and northern latitudes 35˚ and 00 ′ to 35˚ and 04 ′ that is located in west of Iran, north of Sonqor city and between Varmaqan and Sardare Ghobadi villages of Kermanshah province. In this range, the intrusive rocks are alkaline granite, granite, granodiorite, tonalite, quartz alkaline syenite, quartz monzonite, quartz monzodiorite, quartz diorite, alkaline syenite, monzonite, diorite, gabbro diorite, gabbro, and olivine gabbro as they were injected in the iron ores of cretaceous which has resulted in contact metamorphism and created hornfels at the site of contact. After comprehensive sampling of all required igneous rocks and according to the thesis objectives, thin sections were prepared and after petrography and some samples were selected for geochemical experiments. XRF analysis, ICP and alkaline fusion were performed on some samples. According to geochemical and petrological studies, the magmas forming these intrusive igneous rocks are from one region and because of magmatic differentiation or fractional crystallization, they from basaltic to acidic terms. Samples of this quadrilateral have a meta-alumina nature and granitoids are in the range of arc islands granites, continental arc granitoids and continental collision granitoids. The mineralogical and chemical composition of the acidic rocks in the area show that the granites in this study are type I.El área de estudio es un cuadrilátero de 155 km² entre la longitud oriental 47 ° y 40 'a 47 ° y 52' y las latitudes norte 35 ° y 00 'a 35 ° y 04' que se encuentra al oeste de Irán, al norte de la ciudad de Sonqor  y entre las aldeas Varmaqan y Sardare Ghobadi de la provincia de Kermanshah.  En este rango, las rocas intrusivas son granito alcalino, granito, granodiorita, tonalita, sienita alcalina de cuarzo, monzonita de cuarzo, monzodiorita de cuarzo, diorita de cuarzo, sienita alcalina, monzonita, diorita, diorita de gabro, gabro y gabro de olivina cuando se inyectaron.  los minerales de hierro del cretáceo que han resultado en metamorfismo de contacto y creado hornfels en el sitio de contacto.  Después del muestreo exhaustivo de todas las rocas ígneas requeridas y de acuerdo con los objetivos de la tesis, se prepararon secciones delgadas y después de la petrografía y se seleccionaron algunas muestras para experimentos geoquímicos.  Análisis de XRF, ICP y fusión alcalina se realizaron en algunas muestras.  De acuerdo con estudios geoquímicos y petrológicos, los magmas que forman estas rocas ígneas intrusivas son de región y, debido a la diferenciación magmática o cristalización fraccionada, pasan de términos basálticos a ácidos.  Las muestras de este cuadrilátero tienen una naturaleza de meta-alúmina y los granitoides están en el rango de granitos de islas de arco, granitoides de arco continental y granitoides de colisión continentales.  La composición mineralógica y química de las rocas ácidas en el área muestra que los granitos en este estudio son de tipo I

Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities

This comparative review highlights the relationships between the disciplines of bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) in forensics and that of fluid dynamics (FD) in the physical sciences. In both the BPA and FD communities, scientists study the motion and phase change of a liquid in contact with air, or with other liquids or solids. Five aspects of BPA related to FD are discussed: the physical forces driving the motion of blood as a fluid; the generation of the drops; their flight in the air; their impact on solid or liquid surfaces; and the production of stains. For each of these topics, the relevant literature from the BPA community and from the FD community is reviewed. Comments are provided on opportunities for joint BPA and FD research, and on the development of novel FD-based tools and methods for BPA. Also, the use of dimensionless numbers is proposed to inform BPA analyses

APPLICATION OF FRACTAL MODELING BASED ON REMOTE SENSING DATA FOR DETECTING IRON MINERALIZATION IN DEHSHIR–BAFT FAULT, WEST OF CENTRAL IRAN

Part of Dehshir–Baft Fault is located on the 1:100000 Sarvbala geological sheet west of Yazd Province in Iran on the Urmia–Dokhtar magmatic–mineralization zone. Regions with iron mineralization potential on this sheet were detected by identifying alterations and fault trends by processing ASTER satellite images. Images were processed using the false color composite (FCC), Crosta, LS-Fit, and spectral angle mapper (SAM) methods to identify iron oxide, argillic, ­­­­propylitic, and phyllic alterations. To find out the role of faults and lineaments in mineralization, the general faulting trend on this sheet was extracted by relief shading on the digital elevation model (DEM), and the fault zones were examined through field operations. Regions with high iron potential were identified by integrating the fault layers, alterations, and mineralization-related geological units in ArcGIS. The identified regions were then validated through field operations. The relationship between the distance of iron oxide alterations obtained from the LS-Fit method with the main fault was evaluated by the fractal method. The results showed the location and more significant relationship of iron potential with faults in the south and southwest of Sarvbala sheet than other regions.Parte da falha de Dehshir – Baft está localizada na folha geológica Sarvbala 1: 100.000 a oeste da província de Yazd, no Irã, na zona de mineração magmática Urmia – Dokhtar. A pesquisa conduzida buscou indetificar regiões com potencial de mineração de ferro nesta folha a partir da detecção e identificação de alterações e tendências de falha pelo processamento de imagens de satélite do instrumento ASTER. As imagens foram processadas usando os métodos de composição falsa cor (FCC), Crosta, LS-Fit e mapemaneto de ângulo espectral (SAM) para identificar alterações de óxido de ferro, argílico, propilítico e fílico na área. Para descobrir o papel das falhas e lineamentos na mineração, a tendência geral de falhas nesta folha foram obtidas com a elaboração do sombreamento do relevo no Modelo Digital de Elevação (DEM), e as zonas de falha foram examinadas por meio de verificações de campo. Regiões com alto potencial de ferro foram identificadas através da integração das camadas de falha, alterações e unidades geológicas relacionadas à mineração com o uso do programa ArcGIS. As regiões identificadas foram então validadas in loco. A relação entre a distância das alterações do óxido de ferro obtida pelo método LS-Fit com a falha principal foi avaliada pelo método fractal. Os resultados mostraram a localização e a relação mais significativa do potencial de ferro com as falhas no sul e sudoeste da folha do mapa geológico de Sarvbala do que em outras regiões

Towards a Unified Naming Scheme for Thermo-Active Soft Actuators: A Review of Materials, Working Principles, and Applications

Soft robotics is a rapidly growing field that spans the fields of chemistry, materials science, and engineering. Due to the diverse background of the field, there have been contrasting naming schemes such as 'intelligent', 'smart' and 'adaptive' materials which add vagueness to the broad innovation among literature. Therefore, a clear, functional and descriptive naming scheme is proposed in which a previously vague name -- Soft Material for Soft Actuators -- can remain clear and concise -- Phase-Change Elastomers for Artificial Muscles. By synthesizing the working principle, material, and application into a naming scheme, the searchability of soft robotics can be enhanced and applied to other fields. The field of thermo-active soft actuators spans multiple domains and requires added clarity. Thermo-active actuators have potential for a variety of applications spanning virtual reality haptics to assistive devices. This review offers a comprehensive guide to selecting the type of thermo-active actuator when one has an application in mind. Additionally, it discusses future directions and improvements that are necessary for implementation.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, accepted to Robotics Report

Detección de los posibles cuerpos minerales de plomo, zinc y oro mediante la integración de estudios de teledetección, geoquímicos y geofísicos en Dehshir (Irán)

Hoy en día, la gestión de la exploración, el aumento de la productividad y la reducción de los costos de exploración se encuentran entre los temas más importantes en la etapa de exploración detallada de los yacimientos. Un sistema de información geográfica (SIG) es una herramienta eficaz para recopilar, almacenar, analizar, actualizar, generar, integrar y mostrar datos geográficos y referencias territoriales. ArcGIS es uno de los programas informáticos SIG eficientes y potentes con numerosas capacidades, como generar bases de datos, administrar los datos y la información, integrar la información y generar diferentes resultados en forma de varios mapas, gráficos y tablas. En este estudio, se integraron en este software diferentes capas exploratorias con diferentes tipos de información del área del yacimiento de Dehshir para determinar la dispersión del metal e introducir las partes con mayores anomalías para la exploración del subsuelo. Para ello, utilizamos la información de los estudios de teledetección, topografía, geomorfología, geología y geofísica y geoquímica en forma de capas exploratoria

Computational investigation of left ventricular hemodynamics following bioprosthetic aortic and mitral valve replacement

The left ventricle of the heart is a fundamental structure in the human cardiac system that pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation. Several valvular conditions can cause the aortic and mitral valves associated with the left ventricle to become severely diseased and require replacement. However, the clinical outcomes of such operations, specifically the postoperative ventricular hemodynamics of replacing both valves, are not well understood. This work uses computational fluid–structure interaction (FSI) to develop an improved understanding of this effect by modeling a left ventricle with the aortic and mitral valves replaced with bioprostheses. We use a hybrid Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian/immersogeometric framework to accommodate the analysis of cardiac hemodynamics and heart valve structural mechanics in a moving fluid domain. The motion of the endocardium is obtained from a cardiac biomechanics simulation and provided as an input to the proposed numerical framework. The results from the simulations in this work indicate that the replacement of the native mitral valve with a tri-radially symmetric bioprosthesis dramatically changes the ventricular hemodynamics. Most significantly, the vortical motion in the left ventricle is found to reverse direction after mitral valve replacement. This study demonstrates that the proposed computational FSI framework is capable of simulating complex multiphysics problems and can provide an in-depth understanding of the cardiac mechanics.This is a manuscript of the article Published as Xu, Fei, Emily L. Johnson, Chenglong Wang, Arian Jafari, Cheng-Hau Yang, Michael S. Sacks, Adarsh Krishnamurthy, and Ming-Chen Hsu. "Computational investigation of left ventricular hemodynamics following bioprosthetic aortic and mitral valve replacement." Mechanics Research Communications 112 (2021): 103604. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2020.103604. Copyright 2021 The Authors. CC BY-NC-N