Impact Analysis on the Variations of the Thermo-physical Property of Building Envelopes and Occupancy in Building Energy Performance Assessment

AbstractUnderstanding the impact of uncertainty in modeling the thermo-physical property of building envelopes and building occupancy on energy analysis has recently received attention. This paper evaluates the impact of the variations of the thermo-physical property of building envelopes and occupancy on building energy analysis. As the data format for accessing and updating building information for energy analysis, gbXML-based BIM is leveraged. We first studied the impact of reflecting the as-is thermo-physical properties of different building envelopes from thermographic sensing on building energy load calculation. Then, the response of energy simulation model with respect to the variations of building occupancy is explored. Finally, the impact of each variation on building energy use intensity is analyzed through the regression analysis. Several experiments were conducted on a building located in six different climatic zones in the U.S. The perceived benefits of continuous updating of energy profiles for model calibration for reliable energy analysis under uncertainty and the related open research challenges are discussed in detail

Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in Asian Countries: Evidence from Panel Study

We analyze the impact of climate change on agricultural production in 13 Asian countries for 1998-2007 estimating country-level FE panel model using climate variables. Higher summer temperature and rainfall increase production, higher fall temperature decreases it in Southeast Asia, and increase in annual temperature decreases agricultural production in Asian countries.climate change, production, food security, Asia, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Production Economics,

Design of a Time-of-Flight Sensor with Standard Pinned-Photodiode Devices Towards 100 MHz Modulation Frequency

We present an indirect Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensor based on standard pinned-photodiode (PPD) devices and design guides to pave the way for the development of a ToF pixel operating at 100 MHz modulation frequency. The standard PPDs are established well as predominant devices for 2-D color imagers in these days because of their low noise characteristic, but slow transfer speed of photo-generated electrons still prevents them from being employed to 3-D depth imagers. Optimized PPD structure with no process modifications is introduced to create a lateral electric field for enhancing charge transfer speed inside the PPD, and essential design parameters for achieving high operating frequency such as the epitaxial layer thickness, the pinning voltage, and the threshold voltage of the transfer gates are discussed with TCAD simulation results in this paper. Prototype indirect ToF sensors with various structures and parameters were fabricated using a 0.11-??m standard CIS process and characterized fully. We successfully evaluated the demodulation contrast of each pixel at 10 to 75 MHz frequencies, figuring out the suitable conditions of the PPD-based pixel. The best pixel operating at 50 MHz frequency demonstrated a depth resolution of less than 13 mm and a linearity error of about 3.7% between 1 and 3 m distance with a zeroorder calibration. We believe further optimization of the ToF pixel incorporated with the PPD devices is possible to improve the performance, operating it towards 100 MHz modulation frequency

Understanding Users' Dissatisfaction with ChatGPT Responses: Types, Resolving Tactics, and the Effect of Knowledge Level

Large language models (LLMs) with chat-based capabilities, such as ChatGPT, are widely used in various workflows. However, due to a limited understanding of these large-scale models, users struggle to use this technology and experience different kinds of dissatisfaction. Researchers have introduced several methods such as prompt engineering to improve model responses. However, they focus on crafting one prompt, and little has been investigated on how to deal with the dissatisfaction the user encountered during the conversation. Therefore, with ChatGPT as the case study, we examine end users' dissatisfaction along with their strategies to address the dissatisfaction. After organizing users' dissatisfaction with LLM into seven categories based on a literature review, we collected 511 instances of dissatisfactory ChatGPT responses from 107 users and their detailed recollections of dissatisfied experiences, which we release as a publicly accessible dataset. Our analysis reveals that users most frequently experience dissatisfaction when ChatGPT fails to grasp their intentions, while they rate the severity of dissatisfaction the highest with dissatisfaction related to accuracy. We also identified four tactics users employ to address their dissatisfaction and their effectiveness. We found that users often do not use any tactics to address their dissatisfaction, and even when using tactics, 72% of dissatisfaction remained unresolved. Moreover, we found that users with low knowledge regarding LLMs tend to face more dissatisfaction on accuracy while they often put minimal effort in addressing dissatisfaction. Based on these findings, we propose design implications for minimizing user dissatisfaction and enhancing the usability of chat-based LLM services

Eficacia antiincrustante de una formulación de pintura de reducción controlada con acetofenona

Biofouling is an inevitable problem that occurs continually on marine fishing vessels and other small crafts. The nature of the antifouling (AF) coatings used to prevent biofouling on these small vessels is of great environmental concern. Therefore, the efficacy of a non-toxic AF candidate, acetophenone, was evaluated in preliminary laboratory assays using marine bacteria, diatom and Ulva spores. At a low concentration of 100 μg cm–2 of acetophenone, spore attachment of a green fouling alga was significantly reduced (p < 0.01). Similarly, 40% acetophenone coatings significantly inhibited diatom attachment. This new non-toxic AF agent was incorporated into controlled depletion paint (CDP). Fouling coverage (%), biomass, and fouling resistance (%) were estimated. On CDP coatings made with acetophenone (40%), a significant decrease in fouling biomass was estimated (p < 0.01).El biofouling es un problema inevitable que ocurre continuamente en los buques de pesca marina y en las pequeñas embarcaciones. La naturaleza de los recubrimientos antiincrustantes (AF) usados para prevenir el bioincrustado en estos pequeños buques tiene gran preocupación ambiental. Por lo tanto, la eficacia de un candidato AF no tóxico, la acetofenona, se evaluó en ensayos preliminares de laboratorio usando bacterias marinas, diatomeas y esporas de Ulva. A una concentración baja de 100 μg cm–2 de acetofenona, la adherencia de esporas de una alga incrustante verde se redujo significativamente (p < 0.01). Del mismo modo, el revestimiento de acetofenona a un nivel del 40% inhibieró significativamente la adherencia de diatomeas. Además, esta nueva acetofenona AF no tóxica se incorporó a la pintura de reducción controlada (CDP). La cobertura de las incrustaciones (%), la biomasa y la resistencia a la incrustación (%) fueron estimadas. En recubrimientos de CDP donde se incorporó la acetofenona (40%), se estimó una disminución significativa de la biomasa incrustante (p < 0.01)

SNUGB: a versatile genome browser supporting comparative and functional fungal genomics

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Since the full genome sequences of <it>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</it> were released in 1996, genome sequences of over 90 fungal species have become publicly available. The heterogeneous formats of genome sequences archived in different sequencing centers hampered the integration of the data for efficient and comprehensive comparative analyses. The Comparative Fungal Genomics Platform (CFGP) was developed to archive these data via a single standardized format that can support multifaceted and integrated analyses of the data. To facilitate efficient data visualization and utilization within and across species based on the architecture of CFGP and associated databases, a new genome browser was needed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The Seoul National University Genome Browser (SNUGB) integrates various types of genomic information derived from 98 fungal/oomycete (137 datasets) and 34 plant and animal (38 datasets) species, graphically presents germane features and properties of each genome, and supports comparison between genomes. The SNUGB provides three different forms of the data presentation interface, including diagram, table, and text, and six different display options to support visualization and utilization of the stored information. Information for individual species can be quickly accessed via a new tool named the taxonomy browser. In addition, SNUGB offers four useful data annotation/analysis functions, including 'BLAST annotation.' The modular design of SNUGB makes its adoption to support other comparative genomic platforms easy and facilitates continuous expansion.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The SNUGB serves as a powerful platform supporting comparative and functional genomics within the fungal kingdom and also across other kingdoms. All data and functions are available at the web site <url>http://genomebrowser.snu.ac.kr/</url>.</p

CMOS Skin Sensor for Mobile Skin Diagnosis Using an Electronic Cotton Pad

This paper presents a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) skin sensor for detecting hydration, sebum, and ultraviolet (UV) protection. This sensor employs pixels comprising interdigitated capacitors (IDCs) for detecting hydration and a 30 x 24 photodiode (PD) array for detecting UV protection and sebum. The 4 x 8 pixels with IDCs over the PDs are used for area efficiency; they afford reliable detection regardless of the skin contact area and a high sensitivity, which is achieved via pixel merging. For the readout of both IDCs and PDs, a column-parallel multiple-sampling analog front-end and a 9b successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter are integrated. To detect UV protection under different wavelengths of UVA and UVB, we implement the spatiotemporal delta readout of the PDs. Furthermore, a fully characterized, proof-of-concept prototype chip is fabricated using a 110-nm CMOS process. Compared with conventional skin sensors, the proposed sensor exhibits higher sensitivities of 0.25%/min and 2.32%/mL in detecting dehydration rate and sebum levels, respectively. Moreover, the sensor can detect UV protection under UVA and UVB wavelengths. Owing to its core size of 2.32 x 4.65 mm(2), the proposed sensor can potentially be integrated into cotton pads for mobile skin diagnosis

Four-channel WDM transmitter with heterogeneously integrated III-V/Si photonics and low power 32 nm CMOS drivers

Artículo científicoWe experimentally demonstrate a novel four-channel wavelength division multiplexing transmitter operating at 1.3 μm wavelength employing heterogeneously integrated III-V/Si photonic circuit copackaged with low-power 32-nm SOI CMOS driver integrated circuits (ICs). Error-free operation (BER < 10−12 ) has been achieved across all four channels for back-to-back, 2 and 10 km single-mode fiber transmission at 25 Gb/s per each channel, targeting intra- and inter-datacenter interconnect applications. Power consumption as low as 19.2 mW for four CMOS driver ICs has been recorded, which yields 0.19 pJ/bit energy efficiency