113 research outputs found
Global forecasts of marine heatwaves
Timestamp: 44862.4486656366 Email Address: [email protected] Name: Michael Jacox Affiliation: NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center and NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory Program Office/Division: Position Title: Research oceanographer Title of use case: Global forecasts of marine heatwaves Authors or Creators: Jacox, M., Alexander, M., Amaya, D., Becker, B., Bograd, S., Brodie, S., Hazen, E., Pozo Buil, M., Tommasi, D., Hsu, C.-W., Smith, C. Affiliations of Authors or Creators: NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory; NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center; University of Colorado; University of Miami; University of California Santa Cruz Contributors: Affiliation of Contributors: Description: Researchers used climate forecast systems to develop global marine heatwave (MHW) forecasts, which have significant skill in many regions. They also created a MHW website that provides current ocean maps, experimental forecasts, and interactive tools. Keywords: Marine heatwave, prediction, forecast Start date of use case: 44652 End date of this use case: Is this use case ongoing? : Yes Use case URL : https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04573-9 https://psl.noaa.gov/marine-heatwaves Data source URL: https://psl.noaa.gov/marine-heatwaves Image: Ocean Region: Atlantic Ocean Sea: Large Marine Ecosystem Area: Country: Other Geography: global ocean Format Type: Journal Article, website Data Type: Primary Use: Research, Weather/Climate, Environmental Management, Commercial Fishing, Aquaculture, Recreation User Type: Government Professional, Academic Data Type: Physical Ocean Observing System (OOS) Variable: Sea surface temperature, Subsurface temperature Information Type: In situ data, Remote sense data, Model output Other Format Data: Published Date: 44671 Publisher Name: Springer Nature Publisher City: London Publisher State : Publisher Country: England Publisher/Distributor URL: https://www.springernature.com/ Publication URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04573-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04573-9 Industries which benefit: Commercial Fishing, Aquaculture, Recreational Fishing, Marine Research and Education, Coastal and ocean tourism and recreation Benefits to ecosystems: Ecosystem Health, Biodiversity, Endangered Species Ecosystem Services: Ecosystem Services: Provisioning, Ecosystem support of goods and services, Fisheries (commercial or recreational, Aquaculture Ecosystem Regulation and Maintenance Services: Cultural Ecosystem Services: Are benefits documented?: No Are the benefits documented by: Are the benefits quantified?: No Are the quantified benefits reported as monetary values?: Other Benefits
Exploration of Fuel Objects in Space Very Near Earth
A prospecting plan is presented to assay near Earth objects (NEO) for their potential to yield rocket fuel. The plan calls out small satellites as the near-term means to achieve low cost surveys and deep subsurface sampling of NEO composition. The water bearing classes of NEO to be considered are limited to those accessible in short time and with small thrusters. These include the water bearing clay objects (phylosilicates) at nearly trivial distances from Earth, and the recently identified water ice objects such as comet (#4015) 1979 VA. These objects are evaluated as small satellite prospecting and assay vehicle targets
The practice boundaries of advanced practice nurses: an economic and legal analysis
The purpose of this study is to examine the causes and effects of State regulation that determines the extent of professional independence of advanced practice nurses (APNs). We analyze determinants of these regulations in panel data across States. We find that in States where APNs have acquired a substantial amount of professional independence, the earnings of APNs are substantially lower, and those of physicians' assistants are substantially higher, than in other States. These results are striking since physicians' assistants are in direct competition with APNs; the only real operational difference between these groups is that physicians' assistants are salaried employees who must work under the supervision of a physician. The implication is that physicians have responded to an increase in professional independence of APNs by hiring fewer APNs and more physicians' assistants.
Small Satellite Missions to Deep Space Enabled by Solar Thermal Rockets
Solar thermal rockets (STR) were examined to determine how well they could integrate with small satellite systems to propel very small payloads to the outer reaches of the Solar System. The spacecraft would use an STR to achieve hyperbolic velocity while in the vicinity of Earth. A set of calculations estimated the distance from the Sun and flight time of a flyby mission launched from small launch vehicles such as the Pegasus, Taurus and Delta 6920. Rendezvous missions were modeled using solar photovoltaic or radio isotope thermoelectric generators with electric propulsion to make the spacecraft velocity match that of the target object. The Pegasus would send 10 to 25 kg sensor payloads to fly by objects near the ecliptic out as far as Saturn. It could also send a 10 kg payload to rendezvous with most of the known Near Earth Objects (NEOs). The Taurus could send these payloads to fly by Pluto. It could also achieve rather fast, 1.5 year flyby of Jupiter, and less than 3 years to Saturn. The Delta could rendezvous with Pluto on a 20 year mission. It could rendezvous in less than about 15 years by staging. The STR provides a 16 square meter mirror that can be used as a form of telescope, giving it dual-use as a sensor element. The general conclusion was that high performance STR enables small satellite systems to achieve high delta V, 15,000 m/s missions not practical with chemical systems. These include fast, 1 year direct missions to fly by Jupiter and most of the objects closer than Jupiter, which include most of the known NEOs. The STR also enables small satellite rendezvous with most of the N EOs and fly by with Pluto. With the help of RTG class electric power generators, small satellite systems can achieve rendezvous with Pluto, and hence everything closer
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Fisheries Bycatch Risk to Marine Megafauna Is Intensified in Lagrangian Coherent Structures
Incidental catch of nontarget species (bycatch) is a major barrier to ecological and economic sustainability in marine capture fisheries. Key to mitigating bycatch is an understanding of the habitat requirements of target and nontarget species and the influence of heterogeneity and variability in the dynamic marine environment. While patterns of overlap among marine capture fisheries and habitats of a taxonomically diverse range of marine vertebrates have been reported, a mechanistic understanding of the real-time physical drivers of bycatch events is lacking. Moving from describing patterns toward understanding processes, we apply a Lagrangian analysis to a high-resolution ocean model output to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms that drive fisheries interactions. We find that the likelihood of marine megafauna bycatch is intensified in attracting Lagrangian coherent structures associated with submesoscale and mesoscale filaments, fronts, and eddies. These results highlight how the real-time tracking of dynamic structures in the oceans can support fisheries sustainability and advance ecosystem-based managemen
Future change of summer hypoxia in coastal California Current
The occurrences of summer hypoxia in coastal California Current can significantly affect the benthic and pelagic habitat and lead to complex ecosystem changes. Model-simulated hypoxia in this region is strongly spatially heterogeneous, and its future changes show uncertainties depending on the model used. Here, we used an ensemble of the new generation Earth system models to examine the present-day and future changes of summer hypoxia in this region. We applied model-specific thresholds combined with empirical bias adjustments of the dissolved oxygen variance to identify hypoxia. We found that, although simulated dissolved oxygen in the subsurface varies across the models both in mean state and variability, after necessary bias adjustments, the ensemble shows reasonable hypoxia frequency compared with a hindcast in terms of spatial distribution and average frequency in the coastal region. The models project increases in hypoxia frequency under warming, which is in agreement with deoxygenation projected consistently across the models for the coastal California Current. This work demonstrated a practical approach of using the multi-model ensemble for regional studies while presenting methodology limitations and gaps in observations and models to improve these limitations
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North Pacific climate and ecosystem predictability on seasonal to decadal timescales
The present Research Topic aims to collect studies on all aspects contributing to marine ecosystem predictability and prediction, including observational and numerical studies, with a focus on the North Pacific Ocean north of 30°N. The scope of this Research Topic includes studies of climate predictability and climate-marine ecosystem relationships as the basis of marine ecosystem predictability. This Research Topic is organized by the Working Group on “Climate and Ecosystem Predictability”, a joint working group between the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) and Climate and Oceans, Variability, Predictability and Change (CLIVAR). PICES is an intergovernmental organization for marine science over the North Pacific, that includes the countries along the North Pacific rim, i.e., the United States of America, Japan, People's Republic of China, Canada, Republic of Korea, and the Russian Federation. CLIVAR is one of six global core projects of the World Climate Research Programme. These international science organizations and projects have played important roles in the ocean and climate sciences. This working group is the first joint working group between PICES and CLIVAR, demonstrating the increasing need for collaboration between physical ocean/climate studies, the main area of CLIVAR, and marine biological studies, the major focus of PICES.
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Fit to Predict? Ecoinformatics for Predicting the Catchability of a Pelagic Fish in Near Real-Time
The ocean is a dynamic environment inhabited by a diverse array of highly migratory species, many of which are under direct exploitation in targeted fisheries. The timescales of variability in the marine realm coupled with the extreme mobility of ocean-wandering species such as tuna and billfish complicates fisheries management. Developing ecoinformatics solutions that allow for near real-time prediction of the distributions of highly mobile marine species is an important step towards the maturation of dynamic ocean management and ecological forecasting. Using 25 years (1990-2014) of NOAA fisheries\u27 observer data from the California drift gillnet fishery, we model relative probability of occurrence (presence-absence) and catchability (total catch) of broadbill swordfish Xiphias gladius in the California Current System (CCS). Using freely-available environmental datasets and open source software, we explore the physical drivers of regional swordfish distribution. Comparing models built upon remotely-sensed datasets with those built upon a data-assimilative configuration of the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS), we explore trade-offs in model construction and address how physical data can affect predictive performance and operational capacity. Swordfish catchability was found to be highest in deeper waters (\u3e1500m) with surface temperatures in the 14-20 degrees C range, isothermal layer depth (ILD) of 20-40m, positive sea surface height anomalies and during the new moon
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