Comparison of the corneal power measurements with the TMS4-topographer, pentacam HR, IOL master, and javal keratometer

Purpose: The aim was to compare the corneal curvature and power measured with a corneal topographer, Scheimpflug camera, optical biometer, and Javal keratometer. Materials and Methods: A total of 76 myopic individuals who were candidates for photorefractive keratectomy were selected in a cross-sectional study. Manual keratometry (Javal Schiotz type; Haag-Streit AG, Koeniz, Switzerland), automated keratometry (IOL Master version 3.02, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany), topography (TMS4, Tomey, Erlangen, Germany), and Pentacam HR (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) were performed for all participants. The 95 limits of agreement (LOAs) were reported to evaluate the agreement between devices. Results: The mean corneal power measurements were 44.3 ± 1.59, 44.25 ± 1.59, 43.68 ± 1.44, and 44.31 ± 1.61 D with a Javal keratometer, TMS4-topographer, the Pentacam and IOL Master respectively. Only the IOL Master showed no significant difference with Javal keratometer in measuring the corneal power (P = 0.965). The correlations of the Javal keratometer with TMS4-topography, Pentacam, and IOL Master was 0.991. 0.982, and 0.993 respectively. The 95 LOAs of the Javal keratometer with TMS4-topography, Pentacam, and IOL Master were - 0.361 to 0.49, -0.01 to 1.14, and - 0.36 to 0.36 D, respectively. Conclusion: Although the correlation of Pentacam, TMS4-topography, IOL Master, and Javal keratometer in measuring keratometry was high, only the IOL Master showed no significant difference with the Javal keratometer. The IOL Master had the best agreement with Javal keratometry

Overcoming Language Dichotomies: Toward Effective Program Comprehension for Mobile App Development

Mobile devices and platforms have become an established target for modern software developers due to performant hardware and a large and growing user base numbering in the billions. Despite their popularity, the software development process for mobile apps comes with a set of unique, domain-specific challenges rooted in program comprehension. Many of these challenges stem from developer difficulties in reasoning about different representations of a program, a phenomenon we define as a "language dichotomy". In this paper, we reflect upon the various language dichotomies that contribute to open problems in program comprehension and development for mobile apps. Furthermore, to help guide the research community towards effective solutions for these problems, we provide a roadmap of directions for future work.Comment: Invited Keynote Paper for the 26th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC'18

Correlation of higher order aberrations and components of astigmatism in myopic refractive surgery candidates

Purpose To evaluate the correlation between refractive, corneal, and residual astigmatism and higher order aberrations (HOA) in refractive surgery candidates. Methods Three hundred and seventy-five eyes of 188 patients aged 28.2 ± 6.24 years with a predominance of females (62.7) were enrolled in this study. Refraction, topography (Orbscan IIz, Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA), and aberrometry (Zywave, Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA) were performed to determine refractive and corneal astigmatism and HOA for all participants. Ocular residual astigmatism was calculated using vector analysis. Results The mean spherical equivalent was �3.59 ± 1.95 D and the mean refractive astigmatism was �1.97 ± 1.3 D. The mean HOA was 0.38 ± 0.15 μm in all cases, which increased with spherical equivalent (p < 0.05). There was a positive significant correlation between both corneal and refractive astigmatism and HOA (p < 0.05), but there was no significant correlation between residual astigmatism and HOA (p = 0.122). Conclusion The results of the study showed significant correlations between corneal and refractive astigmatisms and HOA. © 2016 Iranian Society of Ophthalmolog

E-Debitum: managing software energy debt

35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering Workshops (ASEW ’20) - International Workshop on Sustainable Software Engineering (SUSTAIN-SE)This paper extends previous work on the concept of a new software energy metric: Energy Debt. This metric is a reflection on the implied cost, in terms of energy consumption over time, of choosing an energy flawed software implementation over a more robust and efficient, yet time consuming, approach. This paper presents the implementation a SonarQube tool called E-Debitum which calculates the energy debt of Android applications throughout their versions. This plugin uses a robust, well defined, and extendable smell catalogue based on current green software literature, with each smell defining the potential energy savings. To conclude, an experimental validation of E-Debitum was executed on 3 popular Android applications with various releases, showing how their energy debt fluctuated throughout releases.This work is financed by National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT -Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia within project UIDB/50014/2020

On energy debt: Managing consumption on evolving software

This paper introduces the concept of energy debt: a new metric, reflecting the implied cost in terms of energy consumption over time, of choosing a flawed implementation of a software system rather than a more robust, yet possibly time consuming, approach. A flawed implementation is considered to contain code smells, known to have a negative influence on the energy consumption. Similar to technical debt, if energy debt is not properly addressed, it can accumulate an energy "interest". This interest will keep increasing as new versions of the software are released, and eventually reach a point where the interest will be higher than the initial energy debt. Addressing the issues/smells at such a point can remove energy debt, at the cost of having already consumed a significant amount of energy which can translate into high costs. We present all underlying concepts of energy debt, bridging the connection with the existing concept of technical debt and show how to compute the energy debt through a motivational example.This work is financed by National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, within project UIDB/50014/2020. The first author is also financed by FCT grant SFRH/BD/132485/2017. The last author is also supported by operation Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000019 - C4 - Centro de Competências em Cloud Computing, cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Programa Operacional Regional do Centro (Centro 2020), in the scope of the Sistema de Apoio à Investigação Científica e Tecnológica - Programas Integrados de IC&DT

Customized clinical practice guidelines for management of adult cataract in Iran

Purpose: To customize clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for cataract management in the Iranian population. Methods: First, four CPGs (American Academy of Ophthalmology 2006 and 2011, Royal College of Ophthalmologists 2010, and Canadian Ophthalmological Society 2008) were selected from a number of available CPGs in the literature for cataract management. All recommendations of these guidelines, together with their references, were studied. Each recommendation was summarized in 4 tables. The first table showed the recommendation itself in clinical question components format along with its level of evidence. The second table contained structured abstracts of supporting articles related to the clinical question with their levels of evidence. The third table included the customized recommendation of the internal group respecting its clinical advantage, cost, and complications. In the fourth table, the internal group their recommendations from 1 to 9 based on the customizing capability of the recommendation (applicability, acceptability, external validity). Finally, customized recommendations were sent one month prior to a consensus session to faculty members of all universities across the country asking for their comments on recommendations. Results: The agreed recommendations were accepted as conclusive while those with no agreement were discussed at the consensus session. Finally, all customized recommendations were codified as 80 recommendations along with their sources and levels of evidence for the Iranian population. Conclusion: Customization of CPGs for management of adult cataract for the Iranian population seems to be useful for standardization of referral, diagnosis and treatment of patients. © 2015 Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow

A Comprehensive Meta-analysis on Intra Ocular Pressure and Central Corneal Thickness in Healthy Children

Background: Glaucoma is the major ophthalmic public health issue and a leading basis of blindness. Elevated intra-ocular pressure (IOP) is still a foremost risk factor in development and progression of glaucoma. Central corneal thickness (CCT) may play as the risk factor for the progression of glaucoma, closely associated with IOP especially in pediatric age group. This study performed a pioneering investigation combining the outcomes of multiple studies using a meta-analytic approach. Methods: Nineteen published articles between 1980 and 2015 were designated by searching Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar and analyzed with random effects model while I-2 statistics employed to find out heterogeneity. Subsequently, the information statistically analyzed by Stata software ver. 11.20. Results: The mean IOP has been documented to 16.22 mmHg (95 CI: 15.48-16.97) in all races subgroups. Analyzing the data by race-based subgroups revealed the lowest IOP of 12.02 mmHg (95 CI: 11.40-12.64) in Indian children while IOP of 17.38 mmHg (95 CI: 15.77-18.98) documented in black children as the highest measurement. The mean CCT was 553.69 micrometer (95 CI: 551.60-555.78) among all races. Lowest CCT of 536.60 mm (95 CI: 531.82-541.38) has been documented in mixed Malay-Indian children whereas Chinese children ought to the highest CCT value of 557.68 mm (95 CI: 553.10-562.25). Conclusion: Findings of published studies were inconsistent when considered independently; however, meta-analysis of these results showed a significant correlation between CCT and IOP. Owing to non-uniform methods used to measure IOP and CCT in studies, data were stratified into various subgroups according to the instruments used to measure IOP and CCT

Mitomycin-C and 5- FU in ophthalmology: review article

&quot;nThe response of living tissues to the surgical trauma is associated with varying degrees of tissue repair and involves two distinct processes including replacement and regeneration. Replacement results in scar tissue formation instead of restoration of the normal architecture. However, regeneration leads to restoration of the original architecture leaving no sign of injury. Anti-proliferative agents are used to inhibit tissue responses to surgical trauma. Among them mitomycin- C and 5- FU had gained increasing applications in ophthalmic surgeries, including filtering glaucoma surgeries, laser vision correction with excimer laser by ablative surface refractive surgery, reconstructive surgeries for ocular surface disorders and removal of neoplastic tissues and secondary operations on nasolacrimal ducts. In this review article, the various aspects of applications of these agents including their mechanism of action, function, mode of application and complications in different ophthalmology fields are discussed

Do unilateral herpetic stromal keratitis and neurotrophic ulcers cause bilateral dry eye?

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the ocular surface condition in herpetic interstitial stromal keratitis and neurotrophic ulcer groups and their normal fellow eyes. Methods: In this observational, cross-sectional case-control study, 85 consecutive patients were included, including 56 cases of treated herpetic interstitial keratitis and 29 patients with neurotrophic ulcers. Fifty-six age-and sex-matched participants were also recruited from a normal population as the control group. We evaluated and scored the subjective and objective measures of dry eye for both eyes of all patients. Then, we compared the score of the groups with one another and also with the control group. The main outcome measures were the discomfort level, visual symptoms of dry eye, conjunctival injection, conjunctival staining, corneal staining, corneal tear signs of dry eye, meibomian gland dysfunction, tear break-up time, Schirmer test score with anesthesia, and tear osmolarity. Results: The normal fellow eye of the herpetic keratitis group had significantly higher discomfort levels (1.4 ± 0.9 vs. 1.3 ± 0.5, P = 0.003), visual symptoms (1.7 ± 0.8 vs. 1.3 ± 0.7, P = 0.002), tear break-up time (8.3 ± 3.2 vs. 12.1 ± 3.3 seconds, P = 0.003), Schirmer test scores (9.2 ± 3.9 vs. 12.9 ± 3 mm, P = 0.04), and tear osmolarity (9.2 ± 3.9 vs. 12.9 ± 3 mm, P = 0.003) in comparison with normal controls. The normal fellow eyes of the neurotrophic ulcer group had significantly worse values for discomfort level (1.9 ± 0.9 vs. 1.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.001), tear break-up time (7.9 ± 4 vs. 12.1 ± 3.3, P = 0.004), Schirmer test score (8.1 ± 3.9 vs. 12.9 ± 3, P = 0.005), and tear osmolarity (295 ± 9.2 vs. 292.7 ± 5.9, P = 0.02) compared with normal controls. Conclusions: Both eyes of patients with neurotrophic ulcer and interstitial herpetic keratitis have a significantly poorer ocular surface condition compared with that of normal controls. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved

Can OCT pachymetry identify keratoconus suspects?

Purpose: Comparing the optical coherence tomography (OCT) pachymetry patterns in keratoconus suspect and normal people Methods: Thirty-two keratoconus suspects and 36 healthy eyes were selected within the age range of 20-30 yrs. Their pachymetry pattern was obtained through OCT Visante in the minimum thickness spot, upper and lower corneal difference (I-S), lower temporal, and upper nasal thickness (IT-SN), withdrawal or non-withdrawal of the minimum thickness area of cornea from 0-2 central zone using the output map. Results: In all measured parameters a significant difference was observed between the two groups (p<0.0001). The Keratoconus suspects had a thinner cornea and showed more changes in corneal thickness than the normal group. Conclusion: It seems that an OCT system of anterior segment can be utilized to assess patients prior to refractive surgery or Keratoconus screening, along with equipments such as Pentacam, and Orbscan. © 2014 by the Iranian Society of Ophthalmology