QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN FLAVONOIDS AND PHENOLIC ACIDS CONTENTS OF LEAVES AND FRUITS OF MELIA AZEDARACH (FAMILY: MELIACEAE) CULTIVATED IN IRAQ BY HPLC AND HPTLC

Objective: The aim of our study was to compare between flavonoids and phenolic acids contents of leaves and fruits of Melia azedarach since no phytochemical investigation had done previously in Iraq.Methods: The leaves and fruits of Melia azedarach were extracted by soxhlet using 80% ethanol then the dried extract was suspended in water and fractionated using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The n-butanol fraction was hydrolyzed by acid and partitioned with ethyl acetate. The different fractions containing flavonoids and phenolic acids were analyzed by HPLC and HPTLC.Results: The HPLC results revealed the presence catechin-7-O-glycoside in fruit only, while kaempferol-7-O-glycoside is found in the leaves only. Catechin and its glycosides are more abundant in the fruits than in the leaves. The HPTLC results revealed that kaempferol and quercetin are present in all fractions of leaves and fruits as aglycones and as glycosides. Free chlorogenic was found in both leaves and fruits.Conclusion: No major differences were found between the flavonoids and phenolic acids contents of the leaves and fruits of Melia azedarach

Incorporating capacitative constraint to the preference-based conference scheduling via domain transformation approach

No AbstractKeywords: conference scheduling; domain transformation approach; capacity optimizatio

Significant effect of ph on photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using semiconductor catalysts

Photocatalytic is one of the inexpensive and non-toxic techniques for degradation of organic pollutants into harmless substances such as water and carbon dioxide. In this study, simple electrolysis method was used in preparation of Ag/TiO2 and α-Fe2O3/HY catalysts. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were studied using XRD, FTIR, FESEM-EDX and surface area analysis. The pH of solution plays an important role in the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants which influences the surface-charge properties of the catalysts. Ag/TiO2 and α-Fe2O3/HY were used as catalyst on degradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) and methyl orange (MO), respectively. The effect of pH on degradation of 2-CP and MO were investigated over a pH range from 2 to 9. Higher degradation of 2-CP and MO were obtained at pH 5 (74%) and pH 2 (80%), respectively. This finding might be explained by the amphoteric performance of the catalyst using point zero charge (pHZPC). The pHZPC for Ag/TiO2 and α-Fe2O3/HY was found to be at pH 6.3 and pH 7.2, respectively. Hence, the activities of the catalysts may have been affected by the existence of a strong electrostatic field between the positively charged catalysts surface and negatively charged 2-CP and MO caused a pH value lower than their pHZPC give greater degradation

Analysis of human bradykinin receptor gene and endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in end-stage renal disease among Malaysians

The aim of this study was to determine the association of the c.894G>T; p.Glu298Asp polymorphism and the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene and c.181C>T polymorphism of the bradykinin type 2 receptor gene (B2R) in Malaysian end-stage renal disease (ESRD) subjects. A total of 150 ESRD patients were recruited from the National Kidney Foundation’s (NKF)dialysis centers in Malaysia and compared with 150 normal healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal cells of all the subjects. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was carried out to amplify the products and the restricted fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Statistical analyses were carried out using software where a level of p T, 4b/a) and eNOS gene (c.894G>T) polymorphisms were not statistically significant (p >0.05) when compared to the control subjects. The B2R and eNOS gene polymorphisms may not be considered as genetic susceptibility markers for Malaysian ESRD subjects

Superparamagnetic iron oxide as photocatalyst and adsorbent in wastewater treatment - a review

Superparamagnetic iron oxide has been applied in different fields for various reasons. Its abundant availability, non-toxic properties, environmentally friendly and good chemical stability in aqueous medium are beneficial for water treatment applications. In addition, its low bad gap (2.3 ~ 2.4 eV) has contributed to highly possible electrons-holes activation under the visible light spectrum. On the realization of iron oxide capabilities as a promising alternative to conventional anatase TiO2 photocatalysts, this review is presented to critically discuss the photocatalytic behaviour of organic water pollutants as a function of iron oxide properties. The concluding remarks in terms of the way forward in the opportunities of iron oxide superparamagnetic properties can benefit towards the photocatalytic activities including recycling, retrieving and controlling in wastewater treatment

Increasing T-method accuracy through application of robust M-estimatior

Mahalanobis Taguchi System is an analytical tool involving classification, clustering as well as prediction techniques. T-Method which is part of it is a multivariate analysis technique designed mainly for prediction and optimization purposes. The good things about T-Method is that prediction is always possible even with limited sample size. In applying T-Method, the analyst is advised to clearly understand the trend and states of the data population since this method is good in dealing with limited sample size data but for higher samples or extremely high samples data it might have more things to ponder. T-Method is not being mentioned robust to the effect of outliers within it, so dealing with high sample data will put the prediction accuracy at risk. By incorporating outliers in overall data analysis, it may contribute to a non-normality state beside the entire classical methods breakdown. Considering the risk towards lower prediction accuracy, it is important to consider the risk of lower accuracy for the individual estimates so that the overall prediction accuracy will be increased. Dealing with that intention, there exist several robust parameters estimates such as M-estimator, that able to give good results even with the data contain or may not contain outliers in it. Generalized inverse regression estimator (GIR) also been used in this research as well as Ordinary Lease Square Method (OLS) as part of comparison study. Embedding these methods into T-Method individual estimates conditionally helps in enhancing the accuracy of the T-Method while analyzing the robustness of T-method itself. However, from the 3 main case studies been used within this analysis, it shows that T-Method contributed to a better and acceptable performance with error percentages range 2.5% ~ 22.8% between all cases compared to other methods. M-estimator is proved to be sensitive with data consist of leverage point in x-axis as well as data with limited sample size. Referring to these 3 case studies only, it can be concluded that robust M-estimator is not feasible to be applied into T-Method as of now. Further enhance analysis is needed to encounter issues such as Airfoil noise case study data which T -method contributed to highest error% prediction. Hence further analysis need to be done for better result review

Learning tools of KVK module using augmented reality mobile application for remedial education program (REP)

Augmented Reality (AR) is one of the technologies that has increased popularity in industry revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0). This technology is widely used in the education sector that can help the students easily acquire, process, and remember the information. However, due to the lack of introduction to new technology in some education fields, primary students tend to only use conventional learning methods such as books or card games. By looking at this loophole, this project is focusing on the primary students that being called remedial students in Remedial Education Program (REP). We choose the consonant vowel consonant (KVK) module after a deep discussion with the remedial teacher and regional education officer in Batu Pahat. The record shows that remedial students are facing hardship to spell, read, and pronounce the KVK. We have successfully developed the AR application education platform apps by using the Unity Real-Time Development platform (Unity 3D) and Vuforia. Inside this application, there are two menus for learning purposes which are KVK and Suku Kata and one menu for evaluation which is Kuiz. This module has been tested to 25 remedial students and the results show that the evaluation time taken to answer the Kuiz from the apps has been reduced around 10% to 50% compared to the conventional method. We hope that this application can be applied widely for remedial students in elementary school in year one that has a problem in mastering the KVK for REP

Optimization of Pb(II) removal using Magnetic y-Fe2O3/KCC-1 Synthesized from Palm Oil Fuel Ash

The pollution of lead, Pb(II) in water bodies has severely threatened the environment and human health due to its toxicity. Thus, removing Pb(II) from water bodies is an imperative task. In this study, the removal of Pb(II) using magnetic y-Fe2O3/KCC-1 synthesized from Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) was explored. The characterization analysis confirmed a successful preparation of y-Fe2O3/KCC-1 with BET surface area and pore volume of 401 m2g-1 and 0.90 cm3g-1, respectively. The optimization by response surface methodology (RSM) with independent variables of initial Pb(II) concentration