Secondary water pore formation for proton transport in a ClC exchanger revealed by an atomistic molecular dynamics simulation

Several prokaryotic ClC proteins have been demonstrated to function as exchangers that transport both chloride ions and protons simultaneously in opposite directions. However, the path of the proton through the ClC exchanger and how the protein brings about the coupled movement of both ions are still unknown. In the present work, we demonstrate that a previously unknown secondary water pore is formed inside a ClC exchanger by using an atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. From the systematic simulations, it was determined that the glutamate residue exposed to the intracellular solution, E203, plays an important role as a trigger for the formation of the secondary water pore. Based on our simulation results, we conclude that protons in the ClC exchanger are conducted via a water network through the secondary water pore and we propose a new mechanism for the coupled transport of chloride ions and protons

On sacred ground: social identity and churchyard burial in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, C. 700-1100 AD

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Agroforestry: Reconciling Production with Protection of the Environment A Synopsis of Research Literature

This is a synopsis of research literature that investigates the potential of temperate agroforestry as a sustainable production system. Agroforestry is a concept of integrated land use that combines elements of agriculture and forestry. An emphasis on managing rather than reducing complexity promotes a functionally biodiverse system that balances productivity with environmental protection

School organisation and STEM career-related learning

The aim of the research project has been to identify the range of factors that shape senior leadership team decisions with regards to STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) career-related learning. Evidence has shown that the support of school senior leaders and their organisation of STEM within the school is highly significant in determining the success of STEM in an individual school. This research points to the importance of management structures within schools which prioritise career-related learning and provide effective support for all teaching staff to play their part. The findings support schools investing in senior teachers to provide career-related learning for pupils. The report goes on to identify the factors influencing senior leaders in taking forward STEM career-related learning across their school. The report explores how schools can enhance their STEM career-related learning provision, both within their local context, but also in the context of shifting policy and infrastructure. It examines, in particular, commissioning career guidance services, staff development, and the role of school strategy. The report closes with a series of recommendations for schools to consider

Fundamental flaws in the current cost regulatory capital value method of utility pricing

Jim Cuthbert and Margaret Cuthbert’s most recent analysis of the UK’s utility businesses (see QEC Vol 31 No 3) seeks to challenge the fundamental price setting methodology adopted by utility regulators. The basis of the challenge arises from an estimate of the size of the apparent super normal profits being made by utility companies. From this they conclude that the resultant equity return is too high and so leaves customers paying prices that are too high for the services provided1