Social preferences and network structure in a population of reef manta rays

Understanding how individual behavior shapes the structure and ecology ofpopulations is key to species conservation and management. Like manyelasmobranchs, manta rays are highly mobile and wide ranging species threatened byanthropogenic impacts. In shallow-water environments these pelagic rays often formgroups, and perform several apparently socially-mediated behaviors. Group structuresmay result from active choices of individual rays to interact, or passive processes.Social behavior is known to affect spatial ecology in other elasmobranchs, but this isthe first study providing quantitative evidence for structured social relationships inmanta rays. To construct social networks, we collected data from more than 500groups of reef manta rays over five years, in the Raja Ampat Regency of West Papua.We used generalized affiliation indices to isolate social preferences from non-socialassociations, the first study on elasmobranchs to use this method. Longer lastingsocial preferences were detected mostly between female rays. We detectedassortment of social relations by phenotype and variation in social strategies, with theoverall social network divided into two main communities. Overall network structurewas characteristic of a dynamic fission-fusion society, with differentiated relationshipslinked to strong fidelity to cleaning station sites. Our results suggest that fine-scaleconservation measures will be useful in protecting social groups of M. alfredi in theirnatural habitats, and that a more complete understanding of the social nature of mantarays will help predict population response

Carrier Lifetimes in a III-V- N Intermediate-Band Semiconductor

We use transient absorption spectroscopy to measure carrier lifetimes in the multiband semiconductor GaPyAs1-x-yNx. These measurements probe the electron populations in the conduction band, intermediate band, and valence band as a function of time after an excitation pulse. Following photoexcitation of GaP0.32As0.67N0.01, we find that the electron population in the conduction band decays exponentially with a time constant τCB=23 ps. The electron population in the intermediate band exhibits bimolecular recombination with recombination constant r=2×10-8 cm3/s. In our experiment, an optical pump pulse excites electrons from the valence band to the intermediate and conduction bands, and the change in interband absorption due to absorption saturation and induced absorption is probed with a delayed white-light pulse. We model the optical properties of our samples using the band anticrossing model to extract carrier densities as a function of time. These results not only identify the short minority-carrier lifetime as a key factor affecting the performance of GaPyAs1-x-yNx-based intermediate-band solar cells but also provide guidance on ways to address this issue

THz transient photoconductivity of the III-V dilute nitride GaP y As1-y-xN x

THz Time-Resolved Photoconductivity is used to probe carrier dynamics in the dilute III-V nitride GaP0.49As0.47N0.036. In these measurements a femtosecond optical pump-pulse excites electron-hole pairs, and a delayed THz pulse measures the change in conductivity. We find the photoconductivity is dominated by localized carriers. The decay of photoconductivity after excitation is consistent with bimolecular electron-hole recombination with recombination constant r = 3.2 0.8 10-8 cm3 s-1. We discuss the implications for applications in solar energy

Carrier Lifetimes in a III-V- N Intermediate-Band Semiconductor

We use transient absorption spectroscopy to measure carrier lifetimes in the multiband semiconductor GaPyAs1-x-yNx. These measurements probe the electron populations in the conduction band, intermediate band, and valence band as a function of time after an excitation pulse. Following photoexcitation of GaP0.32As0.67N0.01, we find that the electron population in the conduction band decays exponentially with a time constant τCB=23 ps. The electron population in the intermediate band exhibits bimolecular recombination with recombination constant r=2×10-8 cm3/s. In our experiment, an optical pump pulse excites electrons from the valence band to the intermediate and conduction bands, and the change in interband absorption due to absorption saturation and induced absorption is probed with a delayed white-light pulse. We model the optical properties of our samples using the band anticrossing model to extract carrier densities as a function of time. These results not only identify the short minority-carrier lifetime as a key factor affecting the performance of GaPyAs1-x-yNx-based intermediate-band solar cells but also provide guidance on ways to address this issue