Food consumed outside the home in Brazil according to places of purchase

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe the places of purchase of food consumed outside the home, characterize consumers according to the places of consumption, and identify the food purchased by place of consumption in Brazil. METHODS We have used data from the Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (Household Budget Survey) of 2008-2009 with a sample of 152,895 subjects over 10 years of age. The purchase of food outside the home was collected from the records of all expenditures made in seven days. The places of purchase were grouped according to their characteristics: supermarket, bakery, street food, restaurant, snack bar, fruit shop, and other places. The types of food were grouped into nine categories, considering the nutritional aspects and the marketing characteristics of the item. We have estimated the frequency of purchase in the seven groups of places in Brazil and according to gender and type of food purchased per place. We have calculated the average age, income and years of education, as well as the per capita expenditure according to places of purchase of food consumed outside the home. RESULTS The purchase of food outside the home was reported by 41.2% of the subjects, being it greater among men than women (44% versus 38.5%). Adults had a higher frequency (46%) than teenagers (37.7%) and older adults (24.2%). The highest frequency of places of purchase were snack bar (16.9%) and restaurant (16.4%), while the fruit shop (1.2%) presented the lowest frequency. Sweets, snack chips and soft drinks were the most purchased items in most places. Average expenditure was higher for restaurant (R$33.20) and lower for fruit shop (R$4.10) and street food (R$5.00). CONCLUSIONS The highest percentage of food consumed outside the home comes from snack bars and restaurants, pointing to important places for the development of public policies focused on promoting healthy eating

Emerging research and priorities for elasmobranch conservation.

Over the past 4 decades there has been a growing concern for the conservation status of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). In 2002, the first elasmobranch species were added to Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Less than 20 yr later, there were 39 species on Appendix II and 5 on Appendix I. Despite growing concern, effective conservation and management remain challenged by a lack of data on population status for many species, human−wildlife interactions, threats to population viability, and the efficacy of conservation approaches. We surveyed 100 of the most frequently published and cited experts on elasmobranchs and, based on ranked responses, prioritized 20 research questions on elasmobranch conservation. To address these questions, we then convened a group of 47 experts from 35 institutions and 12 countries. The 20 questions were organized into the following broad categories: (1) status and threats, (2) population and ecology, and (3) conservation and management. For each section, we sought to synthesize existing knowledge, describe consensus or diverging views, identify gaps, and suggest promising future directions and research priorities. The resulting synthesis aggregates an array of perspectives on emergent research and priority directions for elasmobranch conservation

(+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin levels of concentrated and ready-to-drink grape juices through storage

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Commercial concentrated Concord (CCJ) and Isabel (CIJ) grapes juices were stored at 4-5 degrees C while pasteurised ready-to-drink juices of the same grape cultivars (PCJ and PIJ) were kept at 20-25 degrees C under indirect light for 10 months, simulating industrial storage conditions. (+)-catechin preservation during storage ranged between 63% (PCJ) and 52% (PIJ); (-)-epicatechin retention was of 32% (CCJ) and 15% (CIJ). Total phenols retention ranged from 93% (CCJ) to 84% (PCJ) and radical scavenging activity (RSA) from 87% (PIJ) to 85% (CCJ and PCJ). Concentrated juices showed higher monomeric flavan-3-ols amounts and CCJ depicted superior phenolic contents. PIJ yielded the highest RSA during storage per phenolic unit. Process and storage impacted flavan-3-ols and not total phenolics and RSA during 10-month ageing.431018551859Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)CNPq [131016/2006-7