Transcriptomic Events Involved in Melon Mature-Fruit Abscission Comprise the Sequential Induction of Cell-Wall Degrading Genes Coupled to a Stimulation of Endo and Exocytosis

Background: Mature-fruit abscission (MFA) in fleshy-fruit is a genetically controlled process with mechanisms that, contrary to immature-fruit abscission, has not been fully characterized. Here, we use pyrosequencing to characterize the transcriptomes of melon abscission zone (AZ) at three stages during AZ-cell separation in order to understand MFA control at an early stage of AZ-activation. Principal Findings: The results show that by early induction of MFA, the melon AZ exhibits major gene induction, while by late induction of MFA, melon AZ shows major gene repression. Although some genes displayed similar regulation in both early and late induction of abscission, such as EXT1-EXT4, EGase1, IAA2, ERF1, AP2D15, FLC, MADS2, ERAF17, SAP5 and SCL13 genes, the majority had different expression patterns. This implies that time-specific events occur during MFA, and emphasizes the value of characterizing multiple time-specific abscission transcriptomes. Analysis of gene-expression from these AZs reveal that a sequential induction of cell-wall-degrading genes is associated with the upregulation of genes involved in endo and exocytosis, and a shift in plant-hormone metabolism and signaling genes during MFA. This is accompanied by transcriptional activity of small-GTPases and synthaxins together with tubulins, dynamins, V-type ATPases and kinesin-like proteins potentially involved in MFA signaling. Early events are potentially controlled by down-regulation of MADS-box, AP2/ERF and Aux/IAA transcription-factors, and up-regulation of homeobox, zinc finger, bZIP, and WRKY transcription-factors, while late events may be controlled by up-regulation of MYB transcription-factors. Significance: Overall, the data provide a comprehensive view on MFA in fleshy-fruit, identifying candidate genes and pathways associated with early induction of MFA. Our comprehensive gene-expression profile will be very useful for elucidating gene regulatory networks of the MFA in fleshy-fruit

Genome Sequencing, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics

This review encompasses the current status of major areas of progress in olive tree genome sequencing, including insights into genome function derived from large-scale gene expressing profiling, and studies on genomic architecture of repetitive sequences, smaller RNA, and proteomics. Olive tree genomics, as well as other omics, is progressing owing to recent developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Biological insights, therefore, are not only resulted from the sequencing initiative, since from genetic mapping, gene expression profiling, gene discovery research, and proteomics over nearly last seven years a large amount of information has been provided by different laboratories. The availability of highquality genome assembly provides olive biologists with valuable new tools to improve and develop new varieties more efficiently, enabling the implementation of marker-assisted selection and genomic selection, and contributing to the comprehension of the molecular determinants of key traits peculiar to the species of olive tree and giving important clues concerning the evolution of its complex genome

Impact of sex, age, and risk factors for venous thromboembolism on the initial presentation of first isolated symptomatic acute deep vein thrombosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Sex-specific differences exist for the initial presentation of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE): men are more likely to present with proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower limbs (versus pulmonary embolism [PE] or isolated distal DVT [IDDVT]) than women. We studied in detail the influence of sex, age, and VTE risk factors on the initial presentation of IDDVT versus proximal DVT. METHODS: A total of 24,911 patients with a first episode of objectively diagnosed acute symptomatic lower-limb DVT (without symptomatic PE) were enrolled in RIETE (years 2000-2017) and included in the present analysis. RESULTS: A total of 4266 (17.1%) patients had IDDVT. No trend for more IDDVT diagnoses was observed over time. Women aged 40-69 had a higher proportion of IDDVT, especially between 40 and 49 years (+6.7%; 95CI +3.7%; +9.9%), whereas men had more often proximal DVT. The presenting location of first acute DVT depended on sex, age, and the prevalence and type of VTE risk factors. Recent surgery was independently associated with a diagnosis of IDDVT in both women and men, whereas active cancer and pregnancy were associated with proximal DVT. CONCLUSIONS: The interaction between age and VTE risk factors influences the presenting location (distal versus proximal) of the first acute lower-limb DVT observed in women and men. Our observations extend to IDDVT the concept that different clinical manifestations of acute VTE may not fully share the same pathophysiological mechanisms: this contributes to explain sex-specific prognostic differences.status: publishe

D-dimer levels and risk of recurrence following provoked venous thromboembolism: findings from the RIETE registry

Background: Patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) secondary to transient risk factors may develop VTE recurrences after discontinuing anticoagulation. Identifying at-risk patients could help to guide the duration of therapy. Methods: We used the RIETE database to assess the prognostic value of d-dimer testing after discontinuing anticoagulation to identify patients at increased risk for recurrences. Transient risk factors were classified as major (postoperative) or minor (pregnancy, oestrogen use, immobilization or recent travel). Results: In December 2018, 1655 VTE patients with transient risk factors (major 460, minor 1195) underwent d-dimer measurements after discontinuing anticoagulation. Amongst patients with major risk factors, the recurrence rate was 5.74 (95% CI: 3.19\u20139.57) events per 100 patient-years in those with raised d-dimer levels and 2.68 (95% CI: 1.45\u20134.56) in those with normal levels. Amongst patients with minor risk factors, the rates were 7.79 (95% CI: 5.71\u201310.4) and 3.34 (95% CI: 2.39\u20134.53), respectively. Patients with major risk factors and raised d-dimer levels (n = 171) had a nonsignificantly higher rate of recurrences (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.14; 95% CI: 0.96\u20134.79) than those with normal levels. Patients with minor risk factors and raised d-dimer levels (n = 382) had a higher rate of recurrences (HR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.51\u20133.63) than those with normal levels. On multivariate analysis, raised d-dimers (HR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.09\u20132.77) were associated with an increased risk for recurrences in patients with minor risk factors, not in those with major risk factors. Conclusions: Patients with raised d-dimer levels after discontinuing anticoagulant therapy for VTE provoked by a minor transient risk factor were at an increased risk for recurrences