Techno-economic modelling of water electrolysers in the range of several mw to provide grid services while generating hydrogen for different applications: a case study in spain applied to mobility with fcevs

The use of hydrogen as energy carrier is a promising option to decarbonize both energy and transport sectors. This paper presents an advanced techno-economic model for calculation of optimal dispatch of large-scale multi MW electrolysis plants in order to obtain a more accurate evaluation of the feasibility of business cases related to the supply of this fuel for different end uses combined with grid services' provision. The model is applied to the Spanish case using different scenarios to determine the minimum demand required from the FCEV market so that electrolysis facilities featuring several MW result in profitable business cases. The results show that grid services contribute to the profitability of hydrogen production for mobility, given a minimum but considerable demand from FCEV fleets

Multi-state techno-economic model for optimal dispatch of grid connected hydrogen electrolysis systems operating under dynamic conditions

The production of hydrogen through water electrolysis is a promising pathway to decarbonize the energy sector. This paper presents a techno-economic model of electrolysis plants based on multiple states of operation: production, hot standby and idle. The model enables the calculation of the optimal hourly dispatch of electrolyzers to produce hydrogen for different end uses. This model has been tested with real data from an existing installation and compared with a simpler electrolyzer model that is based on two states. The results indicate that an operational strategy that considers the multi-state model leads to a decrease in final hydrogen production costs. These reduced costs will benefit businesses, especially while electrolysis plants grow in size to accommodate further increases in demand

Métodos adaptados de tipo Stormer-Cowell de orden elevado

Recientemente ha resurgido un gran interés por la integración numérica de problemas de la mecánica orbital que vienen gobernados por ecuaciones diferenciales de la forma y’’± ω2 y=f(t,y), donde el parámetro ω es conocido o puede ser estimado con bastante exactitud. Un requerimiento apropiado para los métodos numéricos asociados a esta clase de problemas es que integren exactamente funciones trigonométricas y/o hiperbólicas además de polinomios algebraicos. En este trabajo, obtenemos un procedimiento recurrente para la construcción de métodos adaptados de tipo Stormer-Cowell que integren la ecuación diferencial anterior, para cualquier orden de aproximación. También estudiamos las propiedades de consistencia, estabilidad y convergencia de los métodos adaptados. Finalmente, los métodos propuestos se comparan favorablemente

Mode de détection des produits de contraste échographique [Detection modes of ultrasound contrast agents]

Ultrasound contrast agents have been used for many many years in cardiology. Their application in other fields is more recent, related to the availability of agents that can pass through the pulmonary circulation. Physical properties of contrast microbubbles are closely bound to their gas content, shell composition, frequency of ultrasound beam, pulse repetition frequency, acoustic power and wave phase. Specific ultrasound sequences have to be used to adequately exploit microbubble-specific interactions with the ultrasound beam. The aim of this paper is to review physical properties of ultrasound contrast agents, present imaging sequences developed for optimal use of these contrasts and general applications

New perspectives for the use of contrast-enhanced liver ultrasound in clinical practice

The introduction of second-generation microbubble ultrasound contrast agents and the development of contrast specific ultrasound techniques have improved the ability of contrast enhanced ultrasound in detecting and characterising liver lesions, offering new perspectives for its exploitation in clinical hepatology. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated a high diagnostic accuracy in focal lesion characterisation (85–96%) in patients either with or without underlying chronic liver disease. This review article describes the basic principles of contrast enhanced ultrasound, defines the different vascular features of benign and malignant liver lesions, and assesses its clinical impact in different clinical scenarios, according to the guidelines of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, contrast enhanced ultrasound enables the characterisation of focal liver lesions, regardless of the presence or absence of underlying chronic liver disease. Contrast enhanced ultrasound is also useful in staging and follow-up of cancer patients and in monitoring local ablative treatment. Contrast enhanced ultrasound is expected to be considerably increased and replace many computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging examinations in near future, according to the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology guidelines. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures in order to meet the demand for an increasing number of these procedures

An EFSUMB introduction into Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (DCE-US) for quantification of tumour perfusion

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (DCE-US) is an imaging technique that utilizes microbubble contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound. The EFSUMB guidelines published in 2004, updated in 2008 and 2011 focused on the use of DCE-US, including essential technical requirements, training, investigational procedures and steps, guidance on image interpretation, established and recommended clinical indications and safety considerations. However the quantification of images acquired with ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) is not discussed in the guidelines. The purpose of this EFSUMB document is to provide some recommendations and descriptions of the quantification of ultrasound images, technical requirements for analysis of time-intensity curves (TICs), methodology for data analysis, and interpretation of the results

Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma: a new radiological entity.

Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma (TC-RCC) is a recently identified renal malignancy. While approximately 100 cases of TC-RCC have been reported in the pathology literature, imaging features have not yet been clearly described. The purpose of this review is to describe the main radiologic features of this rare sub-type of RCC on ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), based jointly on the literature and findings from a multi-institutional retrospective HIPAA-compliant review of pathology and imaging databases. Using a combination of sonographic and CT/MRI features, diagnosis of TC-RCC appeared to be strongly suggested in many cases. • Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma is a new entity with typical imaging features • Diagnosis of tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma can be suggested preoperatively by imaging • Cystic renal lesions with high echogenicity may correspond to tubulocystic carcinoma