A COMPARISON OF BALANCE CONTROL BETWEEN JAVELIN THROWERS AND BASEBALL PITCHERS

This study evaluated the balance control in javelin throwers and baseball pitchers. Twenty-four athletes took part in the study and for each we measured their static and dynamic balance by Biodex Balance System, AMTl AccuSway force plate and Y balance test. The paired t-test was conducted to compare all the variables within subjects. The independent t-test was used to compare trail leg (TL) of baseball pitchers with propulsive leg (PL) of javelin throwers and stride leg (SL) of baseball pitchers with braking leg (BL) of javelin throwers. The results showed that there was no difference between the PL and BL in dynamic and static balance in javelin throwers. However, the dynamic balance in the TL was significantly better than the SL in baseball pitchers. The static balance in the PL in javelin throwers was also better than the TL in baseball pitchers. The research improves the understanding of balance control in elite athletes

A nondiagrammatic calculation of the Rho parameter from heavy fermions

A simple nondiagrammatic evaluation of the nondecoupling effect of heavy fermions on the Veltman's Rho parameter is presented in detail. This calculation is based on the path integral approach, the electroweak chiral Lagrangian formalism, and the Schwinger proper time method.Comment: 11 page

Three-Dimensional Superconductivity in the Infinite-Layer Compound Sr_{0.9}La_{0.1}CuO_2 in Entire Region below TcT_c

The infinite-layer compound ACuO$_{2}$ (A $=$ alkaline-earth ions) is regarded as the most suitable material for exploring the fundamental nature of the CuO$_2$ plane because it does not contain a charge-reservoir block, such as a rock-salt or a fluorite like block. We report that superconductivity in the infinite-layer compound Sr$_{0.9}$La$_{0.1}$CuO$_2$ is of a three-dimensional nature, in contrast to the quasi two-dimensional superconducting behavior of all other cuprates. The key observation is that the $c$-axis coherence length is longer than the $c$-axis lattice constant even at zero temperature. This means that the superconducting order parameter of one CuO$_{2}$ plane overlaps with those of neighboring CuO$_{2}$ planes all the temperatures below the $T_c$. Among all cuprates, only the infinite-layer superconductor shows such a feature.Comment: 4 pages and 4 figure

Metamaterial Polarization Converter Analysis: Limits of Performance

In this paper we analyze the theoretical limits of a metamaterial converter that allows for linear-to- elliptical polarization transformation with any desired ellipticity and ellipse orientation. We employ the transmission line approach providing a needed level of the design generalization. Our analysis reveals that the maximal conversion efficiency for transmission through a single metamaterial layer is 50%, while the realistic re ection configuration can give the conversion efficiency up to 90%. We show that a double layer transmission converter and a single layer with a ground plane can have 100% polarization conversion efficiency. We tested our conclusions numerically reaching the designated limits of efficiency using a simple metamaterial design. Our general analysis provides useful guidelines for the metamaterial polarization converter design for virtually any frequency range of the electromagnetic waves.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, 2 table

NOx emissions in China: Historical trends and future perspectives

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are key pollutants for the improvement of ambient air quality. Within this study we estimated the historical NOx emissions in China for the period 1995-2010, and calculated future NOx emissions every five years until 2030 under six emission scenarios. Driven by the fast growth of energy consumption, we estimate the NOx emissions in China increased rapidly from 11.0 Mt in 1995 to 26.1 Mt in 2010. Power plants, industry and transportation were major sources of NOx emissions, accounting for 28.4%, 34.0%, and 25.4% of the total NOx emissions in 2010, respectively. Two energy scenarios, a business as usual scenario (BAU) and an alternative policy scenario (PC), were developed to project future energy consumption. In 2030, total energy consumption is projected to increase by 64% and 27% from 2010 level respectively. Three sets of end-of-pipe pollution control measures, including baseline, progressive, and stringent control case, were developed for each energy scenario, thereby constituting six emission scenarios. By 2030, the total NOx emissions are projected to increase (compared to 2010) by 36% in the baseline while policy cases result in reduction up to 61% in the most ambitious case with stringent control measures. More than a third of the reduction achieved by 2030 between least and most ambitious scenario comes from power sector, and more than half is distributed equally between industry and transportation sectors. Selective catalytic reduction dominates the NOx emission reductions in power plants, while life style changes, control measures for industrial boilers and cement production are major contributors to reductions in industry. Timely enforcement of legislation on heavy-duty vehicles would contribute significantly to NOx emission reductions. About 30% of the NOx emission reduction in 2020 and 40% of the NOx emission reduction in 2030 could be treated as the ancillary benefit of energy conservation. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the impact of key factors on future emissions

Characterization of an expressed Triticum monococcum Glu-A1y gene containing a premature termination codon in its C-terminal coding region

Premature termination codons (PTCs) are an important reason for the silence of highmolecular- weight glutenin subunits in Triticum species. Although the Glu-A1y gene is generally silent in common wheat, we here isolated an expressed Glu-A1y gene containing a PTC, named 1Ay8.3, from Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum (AmAm, 2n = 2x = 14). Despite the presence of a PTC (TAG) at base pair positions 1879–1881 in the C-terminal coding region, this did not obviously affect 1Ay8.3 expression in seeds. This was demonstrated by the fact that when the PTC TAG of 1Ay8.3 was mutated to the CAG codon, the mutant in Escherichia coli bacterial cells expressed the same subunit as in the seeds. However, in E. coli, 1Ay8.3 containing the PTC expressed a truncated protein with faster electrophoretic mobility than that in seeds, suggesting that PTC translation termination suppression probably occurs in vivo (seeds) but not in vitro (E. coli). This may represent one of only a few reports on the PTC termination suppression phenomenon in genes

Thermoelectric transport in heterogeneous medium: the role of thermal boundary resistance

To investigate the effect of thermal boundary resistance (TBR) on thermoelectric transport, the discontinuity in temperature is considered at the interface through Kapitza’s definition. The effect depends on two factors: the length of thermoelectric element and the value of TBR. More importantly, it is found that TBR has dramatic impact on the reduction in thermoelectric conversion efficiency, which decays exponentially with increasing TBR. The ratio of thermal boundary resistance to the length of thermoelectric element leading to the decrease of effective Seebeck coefficient largely accounts for the degradation of thermoelectric performance at the micro-scale

An analysis of long-term regional-scale ozone simulations over the Northeastern United States: variability and trends

This study presents the results from two sets of 18-year air quality simulations over the Northeastern US performed with a regional photochemical modeling system. These two simulations utilize different sets of lateral boundary conditions, one corresponding to a time-invariant climatological vertical profile and the other derived from monthly mean concentrations extracted from archived ECHAM5-MOZART global simulations. The objective is to provide illustrative examples of how model performance in several key aspects – trends, intra- and interannual variability of ground-level ozone, and ozone/precursor relationships – can be evaluated against available observations, and to identify key inputs and processes that need to be considered when performing and improving such long-term simulations. To this end, several methods for comparing observed and simulated trends and variability of ground level ozone concentrations, ozone precursors and ozone/precursor relationships are introduced. The application of these methods to the simulation using time-invariant boundary conditions reveals that the observed downward trend in the upper percentiles of summertime ozone concentrations is captured by the model in both directionality and magnitude. However, for lower percentiles there is a marked disagreement between observed and simulated trends. In terms of variability, the simulations using the time-invariant boundary conditions underestimate observed inter-annual variability by 30%–50% depending on the percentiles of the distribution. The use of boundary conditions from the ECHAM5-MOZART simulations improves the representation of interannual variability but has an adverse impact on the simulated ozone trends. Moreover, biases in the global simulations have the potential to significantly affect ozone simulations throughout the modeling domain, both at the surface and aloft. The comparison of both simulations highlights the significant impact lateral boundary conditions can have on a regional air quality model's ability to simulate long-term ozone variability and trends, especially for the lower percentiles of the ozone distribution