Manejo de agua y nitrógeno en arroz en el Valle del Cauca.

Los objetivos de la investigación fueron determinar los requerimientos hídricos de la variedad Oryza-2 en vertisoles del Valle del Río Cauca y estudiar los efectos en diferentes prácticas de manejo del agua en tres períodos de desarrollo del cultivo. El experimento se diseñó en un factorial incompleto 6 por 3 con arreglo de parcelas divididas. El suelo se mantuvo bajo una lámina de riego de 5.0 cm o en saturación durante los períodos, vegetativo, reproductivo y de maduración. Los niveles de fertilización fueron de 80, 120 y 160 kg de N/ha aplicados fraccionariamente. El mayor rendimiento se obtuvo (8170 kg/ha) con 160 kg/ha aplicando una lámina de 5.0 cm durante el período vegetativo, manteniendo luego el suelo saturado hasta 14 días antes de la cosecha. Los requerimientos de agua por evapotranspiración potencial fueron de 1.187 mm y los factores de K de 1.38 (30-65 días), 1.53 (65-110 días) y 1.48 (110-149 días)Arroz-Oryza sativ

Effects of ultrasound on polymeric foam porosity

A variety of materials require functionally graded cellular microstructures whose porosity is engineered to meet specific applications (e.g. mimic bone structure for orthopaedic applications; fulfil mechanical, thermal or acoustic constraints in structural foamed components, etc.). Although a huge variety of foams can be manufactured with homogenous porosity, there are no generic processes for controlling the distribution of porosity within the resulting matrix. Motivated by the desire to create a flexible process for engineering heterogeneous foams, the authors have investigated how ultrasound, applied during the formation of a polyurethane foam, affects its cellular structure. The experimental results demonstrated how the parameters of ultrasound exposure (i.e. frequency and applied power) influenced the volume and distribution of pores within the final polyurethane matrix: the data demonstrates that porosity (i.e. volume fraction) varies in direct proportion to both the acoustic pressure and frequency of the ultrasound signal. The effects of ultrasound on porosity demonstrated by this work offer the prospect of a manufacturing process that can adjust the cellular geometry of foam and hence ensure that the resulting characteristics match the functional requirements

Regulation of retromer recruitment to endosomes by sequential action of Rab5 and Rab7

The retromer complex mediates retrograde transport of transmembrane cargo from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Mammalian retromer is composed of a sorting nexin (SNX) dimer that binds to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate–enriched endosomal membranes and a vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) 26/29/35 trimer that participates in cargo recognition. The mammalian SNX dimer is necessary but not sufficient for recruitment of the Vps26/29/35 trimer to membranes. In this study, we demonstrate that the guanosine triphosphatase Rab7 contributes to this recruitment. The Vps26/29/35 trimer specifically binds to Rab7–guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and localizes to Rab7-containing endosomal domains. Interference with Rab7 function causes dissociation of the Vps26/29/35 trimer but not the SNX dimer from membranes. This blocks retrieval of mannose 6-phosphate receptors to the TGN and impairs cathepsin D sorting. Rab5-GTP does not bind to the Vps26/29/35 trimer, but perturbation of Rab5 function causes dissociation of both the SNX and Vps26/29/35 components from membranes through inhibition of a pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. These findings demonstrate that Rab5 and Rab7 act in concert to regulate retromer recruitment to endosomes

Integrated control of Fascioliasis in Latin America: Results of an International Atomic Energy Agency Project

Even though Fascioliasis has been known for centuries, it is now emerging in many parts of the world . Human cases are rising, two decades ago the estimates were of a few thousand , current estimates reach many millions. The human endemic areas are highest in Latin American countries and animal fascioliasis greatly affects livestock all through the region, often of poor subsistence farmers, thus decreasing even more their meager earnings and contributing to the cycle of disease and poverty . The enourmous geographical diversity of the regions affected by fascioliasis in Latin America ranges from the cold, snowcovered Patagonia to the simmering tropics of Central America

The Star Product on the Fuzzy Supersphere

The fuzzy supersphere $S_F^{(2,2)}$ is a finite-dimensional matrix approximation to the supersphere $S^{(2,2)}$ incorporating supersymmetry exactly. Here the star-product of functions on $S_F^{(2,2)}$ is obtained by utilizing the OSp(2,1) coherent states. We check its graded commutative limit to $S^{(2,2)}$ and extend it to fuzzy versions of sections of bundles using the methods of [1]. A brief discussion of the geometric structure of our star-product completes our work.Comment: 21 pages, LaTeX, new material added, minor errors correcte