Post-graduate education requirements for access to jobs in physical therapy

[Abstract] Objective. To identify if physiotherapist employers require them to have some postgraduate training and, if there are such requirements, to identify them. Material and methods. For this study, a specific survey was designed, in which the clinic director had to answer questions about the training of the professionals hired. Results. The demands of 114 job bidders were analysed. Clinical directors (21.6%), require some postgraduate training so that the professional is able to adapt to the needs of the users of the centre. The most in-demand specialties were sports physiotherapy, gynaecology and obstetrics, osteopathy, neurology, and Pilates. Conclusions. The acquisition of skills and competencies, such as information management skills, problem solving and decision making, are not being adequately integrated into the degree course. Interventions are needed by educational institutions and professionals in the sector to achieve training that meets the needs of the physiotherapy employment market.[Resumen] Objetivo. Identificar si los contratantes de fisioterapeutas exigen como requisito tener alguna formación de posgrado y, de existir dichas exigencias, identificarlas. Material y método. Se diseñó una encuesta específica para este trabajo. En ella, el director de clínica debía responder a preguntas sobre la formación de los profesionales contratados. Resultados. Se analizaron las demandas de 114 ofertantes de empleo. Los directores de clínica, en un 21,6%, exigen alguna formación de posgrado para que el profesional se adecúe a las necesidades de los usuarios del centro. Las especialidades más demandadas fueron la fisioterapia deportiva, ginecología y obstetricia, osteopatía y terapia manual, neurología y Pilates. Conclusiones. La adopción de habilidades y competencias como la capacidad de gestión de la información, resolución de problemas y toma de decisiones no están siendo integradas durante la formación de la carrera de manera adecuada. Son necesarias intervenciones por parte de las instituciones educativas y profesionales del sector para alcanzar una formación que satisfaga las necesidades del mercado laboral en fisioterapia

Identification of anatomical reference points to assess balance using kinematic devices

[Resumen] Objetivo Analizar el comportamiento de los niveles raquídeos más empleados en el análisis cinemático y definir el punto óptimo de colocación de acelerómetros para la medida del equilibrio en adultos. Material y método Se valoró a un total de 71 sujetos sanos de los que la mayoría fueron mujeres (92,96%), con una edad media ± desviación estándar de 64,86 ± 7,63 años. Para la valoración se utilizaron 3 acelerómetros triaxiales ubicados en esternón, L4 y L5-S1, que registraron datos cinemáticos durante la realización de 2 pruebas de equilibrio: equilibrio monopodal con ojos cerrados y equilibrio dinámico monopodal. Se consideraron criterios de exclusión para participar en el estudio la incapacidad para realizar la marcha de forma independiente, para mantener el equilibrio estático bipodal con ojos abiertos durante 60 s o la presencia de alguna contraindicación. Todos los sujetos realizaron las pruebas descalzos con calcetines. Resultados Se encontró que las oscilaciones producidas en las 3 ubicaciones de referencia analizadas durante las pruebas de equilibrio se incrementan de forma proporcional a la distancia al centro de gravedad. En relación con el punto óptimo de colocación del dispositivo en la región lumbo-pélvica, los resultados obtenidos indicaron que no existen diferencias relevantes entre ubicar el dispositivo al nivel de L4 o L5-S1. Conclusiones Se recomienda la elección de la cuarta vértebra lumbar como punto de medición, ya que así se limita la introducción de ruido en la señal recogida por los acelerómetros derivada de la movilidad intrínseca de la cintura pélvica.[Abstract] Objective This paper has aimed to analyze the behavior of the spinal levels used most in the kinematic analysis and to define the best place for accelerometers to measure balance in adults. Material and method A total of 71 healthy adults were evaluated. Most were women (92.96%), with an average age of 64.86 years (SD ± 7.63). Three tri-axial accelerometers were used to evaluate balance. One was placed on the sternum and two more on L4 and L5-S1. Kinematic data was obtained from two balance tests: eyes closed monopodal balance and monopodal dynamic balance. Exclusion criteria included inability to walk independently; to be unable to maintain bipodal static balance with eyes wide-open for 60 seconds and the existence of contraindications to be tested. All the subjects performed the tests in bare feet with socks. Results The results showed that the three reference locations analyzed during the balance tests proportionally increased to the distance to the center of gravity. Regarding the optimal devise placement point in the lumbar-pelvic regions, the results obtained did not show significant differences between the accelerometer on L4 and L5-S1. Conclusions Using the fourth lumbar vertebra for measurement is recommended because it limits the introduction of noise on the accelerometer signal due to pelvic girdle motion

Magnetic order and magnetic properties of the oxygen deficient SmBaMn2O5 layered perovskite

Magnetism in SmBaMn2O5 was investigated on a single crystal by magnetic and neutron diffraction measurements. This is an oxygen deficient perovskite with a layered ordering of Sm and Ba cations. Mn atoms are coordinated with five oxygens forming a square pyramid and they are ordered in a checkerboard pattern of expanded-compressed pyramids in the ab-plane. The neutron diffraction study revealed a ferrimagnetic ordering of Mn moments below TN=134 K. Macroscopic measurements reveal a very anisotropic behavior. Measurements with the external magnetic field parallel (M||c) and perpendicular (M¿c) to the c-axis confirm that this is the easy axis above 10 K. Below this temperature, the Sm sublattice begins to polarize and the magnetization M||c decreases while M¿c experiences a huge increase. This indicates that Sm moments begin to order around 10 K in the ab-plane with a minor component on the c-axis that opposes the overall magnetization from Mn sublattices

Magnetic order and magnetoelectric properties of R2CoMn O6 perovskites (R=Ho, Tm, Yb, and Lu)

We present a detailed study on the magnetic structure and magnetoelectric properties of several double perovskites R2CoMnO6 (R=Ho, Tm, Yb, and Lu). All of these samples show an almost perfect (~94%) ordering of Co2+ and Mn4+ cations in the unit cell. Our research reveals that the magnetic ground state strongly depends on the R size. For samples with larger R (Ho and Tm), the ground state is formed by a ferromagnetic order (F type) of Co2+ and Mn4+ moments, while R either remains mainly disordered (Ho) or is coupled antiferromagnetically (Tm) to the Co/Mn sublattice. For samples with smaller R (Yb or Lu), competitive interactions lead to the formation of an E-type arrangement for the Co2+ and Mn4+ moments with a large amount of extended defects such as stacking faults. The Yb3+ is partly ordered at very low temperature. The latter samples undergo a metamagnetic transition from the E into the F type, which is coupled to a negative magnetodielectric effect. Actually, the real part of dielectric permittivity shows an anomaly at the magnetic transition for the samples exhibiting an E-type order. This anomaly is absent in samples with F-type order, and, accordingly, it vanishes coupled to the metamagnetic transition for R=Yb or Lu samples. At room temperature, the huge values of the dielectric constant reveal the presence of Maxwell-Wagner depletion layers. Pyroelectric measurements reveal a high polarization at low temperature, but the onset of pyroelectric current is neither correlated to the kind of magnetic ordering nor to the magnetic transition. Our study identified the pyroelectric current as thermally stimulated depolarization current and electric-field polarization curves show a linear behavior at low temperature. Therefore, no clear ferroelectric transition occurs in these compounds

Variations in the basic biokinematic pattern in three breeds of horses at the hand-led walk

In this study the lineal and temporal parameters of the stride of andalusian (n=10), angloarabian (n=6) and arabian (n=7) mature horses were compared at the walk. The speeds were similar in the three breeds (1.63±0.10 m/s), for what the Archivos de zootecnia vol. 48, núm. 183, p. 328. GALISTEO ET AL. statistical comparisons were carried out by an analysis of the variance, and a means comparison test (Tukey test). The stride lenght was shorter in arabians and andalusians than in angloarabians, while the overtracking lenght was bigger in the arabians. The duration of the forelimb cycle was bigger in angloarabians due to a bigger duration in this breed of the stance phase. The midstace position (expressed as a percentaje of the stride duration) differed among the three breeds, indicating that each one shows times of braking and propulsion of the forelimb different to the other ones; but not in the instant in which the hoof reaches the highest point in its trajectory. In the hind limb the differences were much less marked, since small differences were detected in the duration of the cycle between arabians and angloarabians, while the stride duration was longer in andalusians and angloarabians than in the Arabians; the braking and propulsion phases (determined by the position along the stride of the midstance position) didn’t differ among breeds, the same with the instant in which the hindhoof reach the highest point in its trajectory. It can be concluded that marked differences exist between equine breeds in the lineal parameters of the stride at the walk, and the temporal parameters of the forelimb, while in the hind limb are less marked, probably because this member is functionally committed in the propulsion of the horse.En este estudio se compararon los parámetros lineales y temporales del tranco de paso de caballos adultos de Pura Raza Española (n=10), Angloárabe (n=6) y Árabe (n=7). Las velocidades fueron similares en las tres razas (1,63±0,10 m/s), por lo que las comparaciones estadísticas se realizaron mediante un análisis de la varianza y un test de comparación de medias (Test de Tukey). La amplitud de tranco fue más corta en Árabes y Españoles que en Angloárabes, mientras que la longitud de sobrehuella fue mayor en los Árabes. La duración del ciclo del miembro torácico fue mayor en Angloárabes debido a una mayor duración en esta raza de la fase de apoyo. La posición de apoyo medio (expresada porcentualmente a la duración total del ciclo) difirió entre las tres razas, indicando que cada raza presenta tiempos de frenada y propulsión del miembro torácico diferentes a las demás; no así en el instante en el que el casco alcanza el punto más alto de su trayectoria. En el miembro pelviano las diferencias fueron mucho menos marcadas, ya que se detectaron pequeñas diferencias en la duración del ciclo entre Árabes y Angloárabes, mientras que la duración del tranco fue mayor en Españoles y Angloárabes que en los Árabes; los tiempos de frenada y propulsión (determinada por la posición a lo largo del tranco del apoyo medio) no difirió entre razas, lo mismo que el instante en que el casco pelviano se encuentra en el punto más alto de su trayectoria. Se puede concluir que existen marcadas diferencias entre razas equinas en los parámetros lineales del tranco al paso, al igual que sucede con los parámetros temporales del miembro torácico, mientras que en el pelviano son menos marcadas, probablemente porque este miembro está funcionalmente más comprometido que el torácico en la propulsión del caballo

On the presence of Heterocarpus ensifer Milne Edwards, 1881 (Decapoda, Pandalidae) in the Spanish Mediterranean

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Magnetoelectric and structural properties of Y2CoMn O6: The role of antisite defects

We have carried out an investigation on the magnetoelectric properties of the presumed multiferroic Y2CoMnO6 with different degrees of Co/Mn atomic ordering. The magnetic ground state was studied by neutron diffraction, showing a collinear ferromagnetic (FM) ordering of Co and Mn moments with a small antiferromagnetic canting. No superstructure peaks from an E-type magnetic structure were detected in our measurements. Magnetic measurements reveal FM transitions with pinned magnetic domains. The degree of Co/Mn ordering affects the Curie temperature only a little, but has strong effects on the magnetic hysteresis loops, and the FM moment signal at high field increases with increasing such order. The loops display steps at critical fields whose number and extent depends on each specimen. The most ordered sample exhibits the greatest steps ascribed to the alignment of magnetic domains separated by antiphase boundaries. All samples are insulators exhibiting low dielectric loss and dielectric constants at low temperature. On warming, they show a step increase in the real dielectric permittivity accompanied by peaks in the dielectric loss typical of thermally activated hopping processes. At room temperature, the huge values of the dielectric constant reveal the presence of Maxwell-Wagner depletion layers. Pyroelectric measurements reveal a high polarization at low temperature for these compounds that increases with increasing the Co/Mn ordering. There is no correlation between the magnetic transition and the onset of pyroelectric current. No significant changes are observed in the pyroelectric effect measured under an external magnetic field, so magnetoelectric coupling is negligible. This paper identifies the pyroelectric current as thermally stimulated depolarization current ascribed to the reorientation of defect dipoles with activation energy of about 0.05 eV. Therefore, no ferroelectric transition occurs in these compounds, discarding the existence of intrinsic magnetoelectric multiferroicity

Morphometric study of the nerve fibers of the oculomotor nerve in dog

The intracranial portion of the right oculomotor nerves was extracted from six adult German Shepherd dogs. The nerves were studied using light and electron microscopy. Nerve area was calculated, and myelinated and unmyelinated fibers were analized to determine number, diameter and area. Also in the myelinated fibers the area and diameter of the correspondent axon, and thickness of the myeline sheath were measured. The mean number of fibers was 8543.50±1231.85 for myelinated and 1402.00±241.58 for unmyelinated. The mean fiber diameter was 10.23±0.68 μm for myelinated and 0.43±0.21 μm for unmyelinated. This study demonstrated that the oculomotor nerves in dogs have structural and ultrastructural characteristics that are similar to those from other specie

On the use of diatomite as antishrinkage additive in the preparation of monolithic carbon aerogels

We have synthesized flexible monolithic carbon aerogels by incorporating diatomite as antishrinkage agent during the sol-gel polycondensation of the precursors. The materials displayed elastic properties and preserved their pristine dimensions upon densification by carbonization even after etching of the diatomite, due to the open pore structure of the siliceous additive in the material’s matrix. The aerogels displayed a well-developed porous structure, confirming that the polymerization of the precursors is not impeded; the effect of the additive was independent of the formulation of the aerogels, as evidenced by the behavior of aerogels with varied composition (molar ratio, pH, N-doping).This work was partially funded by MINECO (grant CTM2014/56770-R, IPT-2011-1450-310000 ADECAR and Feder cofunding). The help of Mr. D.L. García in the preparation of the specimens is greatly appreciated.Peer reviewe