7 research outputs found
Comunicaci贸n corta. Modelizaci贸n de la din谩mica de poblaciones de Phalaris brachystachys bajo diversos escenarios de control herbicida en un clima mediterr谩neo
The weed Phalaris brachystachys Link (short-spiked canarygrass) severely affects cereal production in regions with a Mediterranean climate. A mathematical model for simulating the population dynamics of this weed was constructed using previously reported brachystachys populations.Phalaris brachystachys Link (alpiste) es una mala hierba que afecta de forma importante a la producci贸n de cereales en regiones de clima mediterr谩neo. En este trabajo se desarroll贸 un modelo matem谩tico para simular la din谩mica de poblaciones de esta especie. El modelo fue utilizado para describir el comportamiento a largo plazo de las poblaciones en ausencia de pr谩cticas de control y para predecir el efecto de varias estrategias de control basadas en la aplicaci贸n de herbicidas al 50%, 75% y 100% de la dosis recomendada en trigo de invierno. En ausencia de control el banco de semilla alcanz贸 un nivel de equilibrio a una densidad de 21.244 semillas/m cuadrado al sexto a帽o. Bajo aplicaci贸n anual de herbicidas al 50%, 75% y 100% de la dosis comercial, la posici贸n de equilibrio de la poblaci贸n se redujo en s贸lo 5,44%, 12,27% y 23,14% respectivamente. El an谩lisis de sensibilidad indic贸 que el modelo fue particularmente sensible a la fecundidad, mortalidad del banco de semilla y p茅rdida de semillas, por tanto, las nuevas estrategias de control deber铆an estar dirigidas en esta direcci贸n. El modelo desarrollado muestra la dificultad de estabilizar o disminuir la poblaci贸n de alpiste a largo plazo en trigo de invierno. Con el objetivo de obtener un reducci贸n efectiva de las poblaciones de brachystachys se requiere una integraci贸n de control por herbicidas con pr谩cticas culturales
Comunicaci贸n corta. Integraci贸n de modelos de din谩mica de poblaciones y de emergencia para el manejo a largo plazo de malas hierbas: la avena loca (Avena fatua L.) como ejemplo
Weed emergence models and weed population models have shown to be important tools for decision making. However, there have been no attempts to integrate a weed emergence model with a population dynamics model to build an improved model with increased predictive capacity. In this paper, a method of integrating both types of model is presented and an application building a mathematical model based on previously reported seedling emergence and population dynamics data to simulate cohort-dependent population dynamics of wild oat is given. Three management scenarios (S1, S2, S3) were considered. In S1, farmers are not aware of the time of weed emergence make control decisions as a stochastic process. Under S2, farmers are aware of the time of weed emergence and make decisions considering the time of emergence. The effect of 100% control when 80, 90, 95 and 100% of wild oats had emerged was examined. In S3 there was "no control". In the absence of control the wild oat population grew in a sigmoid manner and reached an equilibrium density at about 16,000 seeds/square m in the soil seed bank. In S1, simulation resulted in an average population equilibrium at about 13,000 seeds/square m. This equilibrium position represented only a 19% reduction of the carrying capacity of the system. In S2, the 95% and 100% emerged weeds, produced population extinction after 16 and 6 years, respectively. In S2 with 90% and 80% of emerged weeds the carrying capacity of the system was reduced by 95% and 28%, respectively. Scenario S2 with minimum uncertainty always gave better results than S1. Integrating simple population models with emergence models would help farmers in long-term decision making for weed management.Se construy贸 un modelo matem谩tico basado en datos de emergencia y demograf铆a para simular la din谩mica de poblaciones de la avena loca (Avena fatua L.). Tres escenarios de manejo fueron considerados (S1, S2 y S3). En S1, los agricultores carecen de conocimiento sobre el proceso temporal de la emergencia de la avena loca y toman sus decisiones de manera aleatoria. En S2, los agricultores tienen conocimiento del proceso temporal de la emergencia de la mala hierba. Consideramos el efecto sobre la din谩mica de poblaciones de un control del 100% cuando han emergido el 80, 90, 95 y 100% de las plantas. El S3 fue el correspondiente a la no aplicaci贸n de medidas de control. En S3 la poblaci贸n creci贸 sigmoidalmente, alcanzando una densidad de equilibrio de aproximadamente 16.000 semillas/m cuadrado en el suelo. La simulaci贸n correspondiente a S1 dio lugar a un equilibrio de la poblaci贸n de 13.000 semillas/m cuadrado. Este equilibrio supone solamente una reducci贸n del 19% de la capacidad de carga del sistema. En S2, con las medidas de control aplicadas con el 95% y 100% de la poblaci贸n emergida, se produjo una extinci贸n de la poblaci贸n despu茅s de 16 y 6 a帽os, respectivamente. Sin embargo, S2 con el 90% y el 80% de la poblaci贸n emergida dio lugar a un banco de semillas que represent贸 el 95% y 28%, respectivamente, de la capacidad de carga del sistema. S2 supone una reducci贸n de la incertidumbre del agricultor y produjo siempre resultados mejores que el S1. La integraci贸n de modelos de din谩mica de poblaciones con modelos de emergencia puede ser una herramienta de ayuda para los agricultores en la toma de decisiones a largo plazo
Spatial distribution of weed diversity within a cereal field
Weeds are key components of agroecosystems because they support biological
diversity within crop fields. Ecological indicators of weed diversity are
usually assessed on a field scale, but weeds are distributed unevenly within
fields. Here, we explore spatial distribution of diversity in weed seed
banks, and how a failure of grass weed control may affect biodiversity
indicators. We studied spatial distribution and stability of species
richness, Shannon's diversity index, and Pielou's evenness index of a weed
seed bank, site-specifically and for the entire field, over three years in a
commercial winter wheat field regularly treated with narrow- and
broad-leaved herbicides. 254 soil samples were taken on 10聽m 10聽m grids at the
beginning of each season. Seeds were identified by germination in a
greenhouse and indices were assessed for each point. The spatial structure
of the indices was described by spherical isotropic semivariograms. Our
findings show that diversity and evenness computed for the entire field both
decreased by 63% after lack of grass weed control, and increased 32%
and 31%, respectively, the following year. However, richness, diversity
and evenness were not homogeneous across the field. Diversity and evenness
became increasingly patchy over time, as shown by a spatial dependence
increasing by 21% and 40%, respectively, after two years. This finding
is related to the reduction in the patch extension of broad-leaved species
due to broad-leaved herbicide application each year and the expansion of
grass patches due to the lack of grass control in the first year. Spatial
location of patches was not stable over time. Nevertheless, weedy areas
remained on the field and represent plant diversity caches that may
contribute to maintaining global biodiversity. This information is missed if
a single biodiversity index is computed for the entire field. Knowledge of
spatial distribution of weed diversity within a field will be useful for
identifying wildlife conservation areas and understanding changes in
biodiversity in cropland ecosystems better